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simplepie
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07/27/2024 04:04:53 PM
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00075c93132acf7a6e46e48d2291ce41.spc
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08/08/2022 06:41:41 AM
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140.81 KB
06/20/2024 08:52:22 AM
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027d4dde1e82475da3d9afe4844afb1d.spc
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08/04/2022 02:47:12 PM
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08/28/2024 10:14:14 AM
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5.75 KB
08/03/2021 02:55:43 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:14 AM
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19.33 KB
10/06/2021 12:58:29 AM
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157 bytes
04/20/2023 03:33:59 PM
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42.24 KB
05/14/2024 04:53:51 AM
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07/03/2024 11:17:48 AM
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290.02 KB
07/09/2022 04:43:03 PM
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04/02/2024 02:41:54 AM
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03/03/2023 03:29:10 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:24 AM
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07/12/2023 02:13:33 PM
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02/14/2024 01:18:37 AM
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47.7 KB
03/23/2023 06:13:09 AM
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04/27/2022 03:38:58 AM
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04/20/2023 03:33:43 PM
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03/30/2023 03:18:33 AM
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05/21/2024 04:51:10 AM
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10/05/2021 09:26:01 AM
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07/17/2024 02:56:55 AM
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05/23/2024 12:21:08 PM
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196 bytes
08/28/2024 10:14:23 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:24 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:34 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:43 AM
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10/13/2021 06:46:54 AM
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05/02/2024 07:13:38 AM
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186 bytes
08/12/2021 10:27:02 AM
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04/02/2024 02:41:54 AM
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236.54 KB
08/12/2021 10:27:08 AM
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166 bytes
03/23/2023 06:13:09 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:38 AM
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169.16 KB
07/17/2024 02:57:03 AM
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1.22 MB
04/27/2022 03:32:10 AM
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55.08 KB
06/20/2024 08:52:44 AM
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07/17/2024 02:56:54 AM
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31.2 KB
06/19/2021 12:29:12 PM
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04/27/2022 03:38:55 AM
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110.09 KB
02/21/2022 03:01:10 PM
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24.51 KB
08/12/2021 10:27:02 AM
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05/04/2024 06:41:03 AM
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03/12/2024 05:50:14 AM
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154.53 KB
11/05/2021 11:40:13 AM
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500.36 KB
07/03/2024 11:17:48 AM
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02/18/2022 06:14:46 AM
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125.3 KB
06/20/2024 08:52:21 AM
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01/05/2023 02:13:14 PM
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03/28/2023 10:36:23 AM
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07/17/2024 02:57:01 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:22 AM
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07/26/2024 07:37:50 AM
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03/16/2022 05:35:22 PM
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08/28/2024 10:14:14 AM
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06/20/2024 08:52:39 AM
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05/21/2024 04:14:40 PM
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08/13/2024 02:27:32 PM
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03/23/2023 06:57:07 AM
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04/17/2023 02:08:43 PM
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11/21/2023 07:57:07 AM
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Stephen said: “For those at mid-northern latitudes who might be interested in seeing how Comet 2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) is holding up in the southern skies, the image here shows the comet on September 21, holding steady at <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-is-stellar-magnitude/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">magnitude</a> 8.7. It’s a cropped image of a guided 200-mm lens (EFL 320-mm) field. The negative image brings out the comet’s tail, which is becoming slightly more visible through small apertures. The tail should appear longer as the comet nears the sun in the coming months, and the Earth-comet geometry gradually becomes more broadside; but anything can happen with comets. The bright star at top is 4th-magnitude Rho Scorpii.” Thank you, Stephen!</figcaption></figure> <h3>Comet C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</h3> <p>Comet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C/2017 K2</a> (PanSTARRS) made its closest approach to Earth on July 14, 2022, when it was in northern skies. Now it’s heading toward perihelion – its closest point to the sun – on December 19, 2022. The comet has dropped south out of <a href="https://earthsky.org/constellations/scorpius-heres-your-constellation/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Scorpius</a>, headed into <a href="https://earthsky.org/constellations/lupus-the-wolf-southern-skies/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Lupus</a> and constellations that are accessible to Southern Hemisphere observers. <a href="https://stephenjamesomeara.weebly.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Stephen James O’Meara</a> shared his image of the comet (above) from Botswana, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_parallel_south" rel="noopener" target="_blank">at latitude 20 degrees South</a>, on September 21, 2022. He reported that the comet has a <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-is-stellar-magnitude/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">magnitude</a> of 8.7. Observers in the south should keep an eye out for the comet to brighten and the tail to lengthen as it gets closer to the sun.</p> <h3>How to see C/2017 K2</h3> <p>The website <a href="https://theskylive.com/where-is-c2017k2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Sky Live</a> will help you spot the comet. You can find star maps there that locate it as it shifts among the constellations. After Lupus, the comet will zip against the background of stars in Ara and <a href="https://earthsky.org/constellations/pavo-and-indus-peacock-and-indian/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pavo</a>.</p> <p>So, how to see it? First, you’ll want to be under southern skies. Next, find a <a href="https://earthsky.org/stargazing/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dark-sky site</a>. Then, use a small telescope to track down the comet. If it continues to brighten, you may nab it using binoculars alone.</p> <p>You should see comet K2 as a fuzzy patch of light. The fuzziness is mostly the comet’s gigantic outer atmosphere, or coma. That coma is about 80,700 miles (129,900 km), which is 10 times the Earth’s diameter! You might also see the comet’s tail, while <a href="https://www.naturescapes.net/articles/techniques/long-exposure-astrophotography/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">long-exposure</a> images should reveal the comet and its tail in all its glory.</p> <p>Astronomers estimate that Comet C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) has been traveling from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oort cloud</a> for some 3 million years in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hyperbolic orbit</a>. </p> <figure id="attachment_400662" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-400662" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/07/Eliot-Herman-Comet-c2017-and-interstellar-clouds-July-30-2022-Siding-Springs-Australia-e1659444783473.jpg" alt="Greenish comet head with streaking tail in very dens star field and faint nebulae." width="800" height="524" class="size-full wp-image-400662" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-400662" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/51014/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/eliot_photos/52252220519/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Eliot Herman</a>, using an <a href="https://www.itelescope.net" rel="noopener" target="_blank">iTelescope</a> in Siding Springs, Australia, captured this image of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">comet PanSTARRS</a> on July 30, 2022. Eliot wrote: “Comet 2017 K2 is already presenting a striking image months from its predicted maximum brightness. At the time of the image, the comet was 172 million miles (277 million km) from Earth. The image shows the comet with a background of interstellar gas, providing variations of color to frame the comet. Hopefully the best is yet to come.” Thank you, Eliot!</figcaption></figure> <h3>The comet’s backstory</h3> <p>Astronomers first spotted the comet in 2017 using the <a href="https://panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/pswww/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pan-STARRS</a> survey instrument in Hawaii. At the time, they said it was the <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/c2017-k2-panstarrs-farthest-inbound-active-comet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">farthest active inbound comet</a> they’d yet seen. It was located between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus when they first saw it. It made its closest approach to Earth on July 14. The comet will be closest to the sun on December 19, 2022.</p> <p>Comets are mostly rock and ice. They become active when warmed by the sun. However, this comet was already active in 2017. The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hubble Space Telescope</a> took an image of the comet looking like a fuzzy snowball while it was still in the outer solar system. The comet appears to have a large nucleus, and it shows a huge cometary atmosphere or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coma</a>.</p> <figure id="attachment_380867" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-380867" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/01/comet-C2017-K2-orbit-e1642615195296.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-380867" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/01/comet-C2017-K2-orbit-e1642615195296.png" alt="Diagram: Oblique view of solar system orbits with steep parabolic curved line of comet's orbit." width="800" height="800" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-380867" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://stsci-opo.org/STScI-01EVVB4K3WKHJ0YP7Q2QT73ZCX.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View larger</a>. | Artist’s concept of the orbit of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Comet C/2017 K2</a> (PanSTARRS), on its maiden voyage into the inner part of our solar system. Image via <a href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2017/40/4071-Image.html?news=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA</a>/ ESA/ A. Feild/ STScI.</figcaption></figure> <h3>PanSTARRS</h3> <p>If the name Comet PanSTARRS rings a bell, that’s because there are many of them. <a href="https://panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu/pswww/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pan-STARRS</a> is a sky survey that is particularly good at spotting new asteroids, comets, supernovae and the like. This is Comet C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS). At its discovery, K2 was 1.49 billion miles (2.4 billion km) from the sun. That’s 16 times farther away than the Earth is from the sun.</p> <p>If the name K2 reminds you of the second largest mountain on Earth, also named K2, keep in mind that the mountain is 28,251 feet (8,611 meters) tall. If the comet K2 is around 11 miles or 18 km (a reasonable estimate), that translates to about 58,000 feet or 18,000 meters. In other words, the comet K2 dwarfs the mountain K2, which is about half its size.</p> <p>By the way, the new title-holder for farthest active comet is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli-Bernstein)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein</a>. Astronomers spotted this behemoth comet about 100 times the size of a normal comet. That’s when it was more than 2.7 billion miles (4.4 billion km) from the sun. Comet “Bern-Bern” will have its closest approach on January 21, 2031. But you have nothing to fear from it, as it will be slightly farther away than Saturn’s orbit.</p> <figure id="attachment_396125" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-396125" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/06/Comet-C2017-K2_20Jun2022_Stephen-OMeara_Maun-Botswana-South-Africa.jpg"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/06/Comet-C2017-K2_20Jun2022_Stephen-OMeara_Maun-Botswana-South-Africa.jpg" alt="Dense star field with 2 small fuzzy green ovals labeled with dates." width="800" height="850" class="size-full wp-image-396125" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/06/Comet-C2017-K2_20Jun2022_Stephen-OMeara_Maun-Botswana-South-Africa.jpg 481w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/06/Comet-C2017-K2_20Jun2022_Stephen-OMeara_Maun-Botswana-South-Africa-282x300.jpg 282w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-396125" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/50030/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://stephenjamesomeara.weebly.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Stephen James O’Meara</a> emailed from Botswana on June 21, 2022, with this image. He wrote: “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Comet C/2017 K2</a> (PanSTARRS) is now passing by <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/definition-examples-what-are-open-star-clusters/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">open cluster</a> IC 4665 in Ophiuchus. The comet is barely visible now in handheld binoculars, I estimated its <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-is-stellar-magnitude/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">magnitude</a> at magnitude 8.8 on June 19 and magnitude 8.6 on June 20 through a 3-inch (76-millimeter) telescope. The brightness of comets is unpredictable, however, as we know. The comet also has a short tail, but that is most apparent in images. This shot is a composite of 2 nights, showing the comet’s movement near IC 4665, made with a 200-mm telephoto lens.” Thanks, Stephen!</figcaption></figure> <h3>Almost as big as Jupiter</h3> <p>Another indication that suggests C/2017 K2 is large, or at least very active, is that observations showed it developed a cometary atmosphere, or coma, with a diameter of about 81,000 miles (130,000 km). That would mean this comet’s coma is a sphere of gases 10 times the diameter of planet Earth, or almost as big as the diameter of planet Jupiter. That’s huge!</p> <p>Also, some early observations detected an incredibly large tail, some 500,000 miles (800,000 km) long.</p> <p>Scientists think that comets that are too far from the sun shouldn’t <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sublimate</a> huge amounts of ice. So this comet’s activity is probably driven by a mix of ices with substances like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and molecular oxygen.</p> <p>Most comets have a nucleus of about 0.5 to 2 miles (1 to 3 km) in diameter, while others may be up to 10 miles (16 km) wide. However, a few are really huge, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hale-Bopp</a> (37 miles or 60 km), Bernardinelli-Bernstein (93 miles or 150 km) and 95P/Chiron, also known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2060_Chiron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2060 Chiron</a>) at 124 miles or 200 km. In fact, 95P/Chiron may be a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dwarf planet</a>. However, it showed cometary behavior and thus got a comet designation.</p> <h3>When will we see the next bright comet?</h3> <p><a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/new-comet-might-get-bright-enough-for-binoculars/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a> is expected to be as bright as magnitude 5 in January 2023. After that, the next possible good one appears to be comet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">12P/Pons-Brooks</a>, which might reach magnitude 5 or 4 in March 2024.</p> <h3>Comet C/2017 K2 images since closest approach to Earth</h3> <figure id="attachment_400659" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-400659" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/07/Jelieta-Walinski_comet-C-2017_K2-Medicine-Rock-State-Park-MT-July-28-2022-e1659444203880.jpg" alt="Comet with bluish head and tail surrounded by stars and wisps." width="800" height="545" class="size-full wp-image-400659" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-400659" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/51049/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://jelieta-walinski.pixels.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Jelieta Walinski</a> took this image of Comet PanSTARRS on July 28, 2022. Jelieta wrote: “I captured the comet at <a href="https://fwp.mt.gov/medicine-rocks" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Medicine Rocks State Park</a> in Montana. This particular state park is full of history, culture and unique topography. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Medicine Rocks was a place of ‘big medicine’ where Indian hunting parties conjured up magical spirits. It’s a certified <a href="https://www.darksky.org/our-work/conservation/idsp/sanctuaries/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Dark Sky Sanctuary</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortle_scale" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Bortle</a> 1 skies. I felt so privileged to witness the grandeur and beauty of the place and so connected with my ancestors, capturing the C/2017 K2 was just a bonus to me.” Thank you, Jelieta!</figcaption></figure> <h3>Images of Comet PanSTARRS before closest approach to Earth</h3> <figure id="attachment_396769" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-396769" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/06/COMET2017K2-David-Hoskin-Halifax-Nova-Scotia-Jun-25-2022-e1656435097531.jpg" alt="Star field with slightly oval faintly fuzzy object and inset with closeup." width="800" height="582" class="size-full wp-image-396769" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-396769" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/50164/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/?filter_1_3=David&filter_1_6=Hoskin&mode=all" rel="noopener" target="_blank">David Hoskin</a> in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, captured this image on June 25, 2022. David wrote: “Last night I captured this image of comet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">C/2017 K2</a> (PANSTARRS) during the short period of time between darkness and the comet passing behind trees in my backyard. This large comet (located in the constellation <a href="https://earthsky.org/tonight/ophiuchus-highest-on-august-evenings-2/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ophiuchus</a>) is currently 174,058,942 miles (280,120,714 km) from Earth. It took over 15 minutes for the photons from the comet to reach my camera.” Thank you, David!</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_398111" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-398111" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/07/Grace-Wheeler-comet-PanStarrs-C-2017-K2-June-21-2022-e1657568993997.png" alt="Starfield with fuzzy object in middle." width="800" height="600" class="size-full wp-image-398111" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-398111" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/50356/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View at EarthSky Community Photos.</a> | <a href="https://www.facebook.com/grace.donwheeler" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Grace Wheeler</a> of Eureka, California, took this image of comet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">C/2017 K2</a> (PanStarrs) on June 21, 2022. The bright star in the right corner is Beta Ophiuchi, and in the left corner is the trail of a satellite. Thank you, Grace!</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_396225" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-396225" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/06/Comet-C2017-K2_Steven-Bellavia_NY_20Jun2022-e1655901811510.jpg" alt="Dark night sky full of stars. The comet is a bigger fuzzy yellow dot with a short tail." width="800" height="541" class="size-full wp-image-396225" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-396225" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/50040/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://www.astrobin.com/users/bellavia/collections/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Steven Bellavia</a> in Upton, New York, captured comet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">C/2017 K2</a> (PanSTARRS) on June 20, 2022. Thank you, Steven!</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_394648" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-394648" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/01/C2017K2-RaymondNegron-scaled-e1654851318760.jpg" alt="Dense starfield with fuzzy greenish spot with a short tail in the middle." width="800" height="540" class="size-full wp-image-394648" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-394648" class="wp-caption-text">Raymond Negron from San German, Puerto Rico, photographed comet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2017_K2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">C/2017 K2</a> (PanSTARRS) on May 29, 2022. Raymond took the image using a 92-mm apochromatic telescope. Thank you, Raymond!</figcaption></figure> <p>Bottom line: Comet C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) is now a target for southern skies as it slowly brightens toward perihelion, its closest point to the sun.</p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/large-comet-c-2017-k2-panstarrs-summer-2022/">Comet C/2017 K2 moves into southern skies</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:91:"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/large-comet-c-2017-k2-panstarrs-summer-2022/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:1;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:73:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:43:"Neptune was discovered on this date in 1846";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:71:"https://earthsky.org/human-world/today-in-science-discovery-of-neptune/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:80:"https://earthsky.org/human-world/today-in-science-discovery-of-neptune/#comments";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Fri, 23 Sep 2022 10:03:11 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:11:"Human World";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=248019";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:312:"<p>Several astronomers used calculations to discover Neptune, independently, on September 23, 1846.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/human-world/today-in-science-discovery-of-neptune/">Neptune was discovered on this date in 1846</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:15:"EarthSky Voices";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:6768:"<figure id="attachment_405136" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-405136" style="width: 601px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-Voyager-2-Dark-sport-scooter.jpg" alt="Neptune from Voyager 2 showing dark and light ovals." width="601" height="554" class="size-full wp-image-405136" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-Voyager-2-Dark-sport-scooter.jpg 601w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-Voyager-2-Dark-sport-scooter-300x277.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-405136" class="wp-caption-text">Voyager 2 image of Neptune. At the top is the Great Dark Spot, accompanied by bright, white clouds that undergo rapid changes in appearance. To the south of the Great Dark Spot is the bright feature that Voyager scientists nicknamed “Scooter”. Still farther south is the feature called Dark Spot 2, which has a bright core. Image via <a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01142" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ JPL.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Today in science: Discovery of Neptune</h3> <p>Astronomers found the outermost major planet in our solar system – Neptune – on September 23, 1846. It was the first planet to be discovered using mathematics. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Gottfried-Galle" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Johann Gottfried Galle</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Urbain-Jean-Joseph-Le-Verrier" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier</a>, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Couch-Adams" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> John Couch Adams</a> all worked independently to help find this distant world, which isn’t visible to the eye. Their separate endeavors led to an international dispute as to who should get the credit for Neptune’s discovery. </p> <p>A telescope is necessary to see Neptune. However, Its discovery didn’t come solely through the use of a telescope. It came from astronomers’ analysis of data related to the orbit of Uranus. Astronomers noticed discrepancies in Uranus’ observed position in contrast to its predicted position. So, the mathematically predicted location of the planet Uranus did not match its actual location. </p> <h3>Deviations in the orbit of Uranus led to discovering Neptune</h3> <p>Many popular notions of the time attempted to explain Uranus’ deviation from its predicted orbit. One thought was that perhaps Newton’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">law of universal gravitation</a> ceased to work or worked differently at such great distances from our sun. But assuming that gravity works <a href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/yep-the-force-of-gravity-is-the-same-throughout-the-un-1723114171" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the same</a> throughout space, what could be causing the discrepancies in Uranus’ orbit? By the way, today <em>gravity</em> is considered constant and one of our universe’s <a href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/fundamental-forces-of-nature.htm" rel="noopener" target="_blank">four fundamental forces</a>.</p> <p>The problem with the orbit of Uranus caused astronomers to begin speaking of another possible planet beyond it. The French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier began using mathematics to try to locate the mystery planet’s position in June 1845. The British astronomer John Couch Adams was also working on this problem. Neither was aware of the other’s calculations.</p> <p>On September 23, 1846, Galle used Le Verrier’s calculations to find Neptune only 1° off Le Verrier’s predicted position. The planet was then located 12° off Adams’ prediction. </p> <h3>Who really discovered Neptune?</h3> <p>After Neptune’s discovery, an international dispute arose concerning who was the ‘real’ discoverer of the new planet, Le Verrier or Adams. The existing political tensions between France and Great Britain amplified this conflict. Today, both of them – and Galle, who was the first to knowingly see the new planet through a telescope – share the credit for discovery.</p> <p>Ironically, as it turns out, both Le Verrier and Adams had been very lucky. Their predictions indicated Neptune’s distance correctly around 1840-1850. If they had made their calculations for another time, both predicted positions would have been off. Their calculations would have predicted the planet’s position only 165 years later or earlier, since Neptune takes 165 years to orbit once around the sun.</p> <h3>Galileo recorded Neptune as a faint star</h3> <p>By the way, it was possible to discover Neptune simply by using a telescope. Like all planets in our solar system – because it’s closer to us than the stars – it can be seen from Earth to move relative to the starry background. For example, the great astronomer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Galileo</a>, using one of the first telescopes, apparently recorded Neptune as a faint star in 1612. If he had watched it over several weeks, he’d have noticed its unusual motion.</p> <figure id="attachment_248447" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-248447" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2016/09/neptune-voyager2-1989-e1474281732734.jpg"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2016/09/neptune-voyager2-1989-e1474281732734.jpg" alt="Blue gas planet with cloud features." width="800" height="799" class="size-full wp-image-248447" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-248447" class="wp-caption-text">Another Voyager 2 image of Neptune, acquired on August 20, 1989, at a range of 4.4 million miles (7 million km) from the planet, 4 days before Voyager’s closest point to Neptune. You can see Neptune’s Great Dark Spot and its bright smudge companion. On the west limb, a fast-moving bright feature called Scooter by astronomers is visible, with another little dark spot. These clouds persisted for as long as Voyager’s cameras could resolve them. Image via <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/25-years-ago-voyager-2-captures-images-of-neptune" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bottom line: Astronomers, using mathematical calculations, discovered Neptune on September 23, 1846.</p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/human-world/today-in-science-discovery-of-neptune/">Neptune was discovered on this date in 1846</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:76:"https://earthsky.org/human-world/today-in-science-discovery-of-neptune/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"4";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:2;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:73:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:44:"2022 September equinox: All you need to know";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:88:"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:97:"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox/#comments";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Thu, 22 Sep 2022 13:23:01 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:20:"Astronomy Essentials";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:29:"https://earthsky.org/?p=26181";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:365:"<p>The September equinox is here! Autumn for the Northern Hemisphere. Spring for the Southern Hemisphere. Here's all you need to know.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox/">2022 September equinox: All you need to know</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12:"Deborah Byrd";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:14117:"<figure id="attachment_386397" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-386397" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/12/equinoxes-solstices-Robert-Simmon-NASA-e1647951406955.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-386397" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/12/equinoxes-solstices-Robert-Simmon-NASA-e1647951406955.jpg" alt="September equinox: 4 satellite views of Earth, with different seasonal tilts." width="800" height="533" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-386397" class="wp-caption-text">Satellite views of Earth on the solstices and equinoxes. From left to right, a June solstice, a September equinox, a December solstice and a March equinox. <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/watching-solstices-and-equinoxes-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Read more about these images</a>, which are via <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11353" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA Earth Observatory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><em>The equinox is here! Autumn for the Northern Hemisphere. Spring for the Southern Hemisphere.</em></p> <p><strong>What is it?</strong> The September equinox marks the sun’s crossing above Earth’s equator, moving from north to south.<br /> <strong>When is the next one?</strong> The next September equinox will fall at 1:04 <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/universal-time" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">UTC</a> September 23, 2022 (8:04 p.m. CDT on September 22 for central North America; <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/universal-time" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">translate UTC to your time</a>).<br /> <strong>Note</strong>: On this equinox, the sun crosses above Earth’s equator, moving from north to south. So, for everyone across the globe, days and nights are <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/why-arent-day-and-night-equal-on-the-day-of-the-equinox" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">approximately</a> equal in length. The name equinox comes from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night).</p> <p><a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/are-day-and-night-equal-equinox-september/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Read: Why aren’t day and night exactly equal on the equinox?</a></p> <figure id="attachment_196827" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-196827" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/equinox-globe.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-196827" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/equinox-globe.jpg" alt="Earth perfectly upright with vertical axis, left half sunlit, right half in shadow." width="800" height="733" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/equinox-globe.jpg 562w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/equinox-globe-300x274.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/equinox-globe-190x174.jpg 190w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/equinox-globe-140x128.jpg 140w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-196827" class="wp-caption-text">Around the time of an equinox, Earth’s Northern and Southern Hemispheres are receiving the sun’s rays equally. However, that <em>doesn’t</em> mean that day and night are exactly equal in length. <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/are-day-and-night-equal-at-the-march-equinox" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">In fact, two factors</a> cause more day than night at an equinox. Image via <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/axis_.png" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>What is an equinox?</h3> <p>The earliest humans spent more time outside than we do. They used the sky as both a clock and a calendar. Indeed, they could easily see that the sun’s path across the sky, the length of daylight and the location of the sunrise and sunset all shift in a regular way throughout the year.</p> <p>Today, we know each equinox and solstice is an astronomical event. It’s caused by Earth’s tilt on its axis and ceaseless orbit around the sun. For example, Earth is tilted by 23 1/2 <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/sky-measurements-degrees-arc-minutes-arc-seconds/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">degrees</a>. And that means Earth’s Northern and Southern Hemispheres trade places throughout the year in receiving the sun’s light and warmth most directly.</p> <h3>Spring equinox and fall equinox</h3> <p>We have an equinox twice a year – spring and fall – when the tilt of the Earth’s axis and Earth’s orbit around the sun combine in such a way that the axis is inclined neither away from nor toward the sun. In fact, Earth’s two hemispheres are receiving the sun’s rays about equally around equinox time. The sun is overhead at noon as seen from the equator. As a result, night and day are approximately equal.</p> <p>Of course, Earth never stops moving around the sun. So for this reason, these days of approximately equal sunlight and night will change quickly.</p> <figure id="attachment_373295" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-373295" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-373295" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/10/Meiying-Lee_solar-analemma_Taipei-Taiwan_2021-sep-23-e1634613653132.jpg" alt="Photos of the sun creating an infinity symbol shape with a view of Taipei, Taiwan, in the foreground." width="800" height="480" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-373295" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="//earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/43784/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="http://www.facebook.com/meiying.lee.98/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mei-Ying Lee</a> in Taipei, Taiwan, captured this solar analemma during an entire year, from September 2020 to September 2021 (equinox to equinox), and wrote: “This sun analemma photo of Taipei is composed in Startrails by stacking 30 images taken at 4:30 p.m. on different days with sun filter. They were shot from September 22, 2020 to September 23, 2021 from the same viewing platform on an eastern hill of Taipei. The foreground is the city view of Taipei as seen at the location, with the tallest building being Taipei 101, a famous Taipei landmark.” Thank you, Mei-Ying!</figcaption></figure> <h3>A good day to find due east and due west</h3> <p>The day of an equinox is a good day for finding the directions due east and due west from your favorite place to watch the sky. That’s because, generally speaking, the sun rises due east and sets due west at the equinoxes. It’s true no matter where you live on Earth. Why? <em>Because we all see the same sky</em>.</p> <p>Everywhere on Earth, except at the North and South Poles, you have a due east and due west point on your horizon. Therefore, that point marks the intersection of your horizon with the <em>celestial equator</em>, the imaginary line above the true equator of the Earth.</p> <p>At the equinoxes, the sun appears overhead at noon as seen from Earth’s equator, as the illustration below shows.</p> <p>So with this in mind, go outside around sunset or sunrise, and notice the location of the sun on the horizon with respect to familiar landmarks. Indeed, if you do this, you’ll be able to use those landmarks to find those cardinal directions in the weeks and months ahead, long after Earth has moved on in its orbit around the sun, carrying the sunrise and sunset points southward.</p> <figure id="attachment_26192" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-26192" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2009/09/equinox_path_sun_300.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-26192" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2009/09/equinox_path_sun_300.jpg" alt="Equinox sun: Diagram of dome with lines of latitude and longitude and red dots around base." width="800" height="568" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-26192" class="wp-caption-text">Illustration of the sun’s location on the celestial equator, every hour, on the day of an equinox, via Tau’olunga/ <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equinox-90.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Signs of the September equinox in nature</h3> <p>The knowledge that summer is gone – and winter is coming – is everywhere now, on the northern half of Earth’s globe. Indeed, if you live in the Northern Hemisphere, you can easily notice the later dawns and earlier sunsets. Also, notice the arc of the sun across the sky each day. You’ll find it’s shifting toward the south. In like manner, birds and butterflies are migrating southward, too, along with the path of the sun.</p> <p>In addition, the shorter days are bringing cooler weather. A chill is in the air. In New York City and other fashionable places, some people have stopped wearing white. Creatures of the wild are putting on their winter coats.</p> <p>All around us, trees and plants are ending this year’s cycle of growth. Perhaps they are responding with glorious autumn leaves, or a last burst of bloom before winter comes.</p> <p>In the night sky, <a href="https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/solitary-fomalhaut-guards-the-southern-sky" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fomalhaut</a> – the Autumn Star – is making its way across the heavens each night.</p> <p><a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/years-fastest-sunsets-around-equinoxes" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Read: Year’s fastest sunsets at equinox</a></p> <figure id="attachment_321037" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-321037" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2017/09/piscis-austrinus-fomalhaut-Torsten-Bronger-e1568546042383.png"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2017/09/piscis-austrinus-fomalhaut-Torsten-Bronger-e1568546042383.png" alt="Constellation chart showing Piscis Austrinus and Fomalhaut." width="800" height="634" class="size-full wp-image-321037" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-321037" class="wp-caption-text">Another representation of Piscis Austrinus and its bright star Fomalhaut, via Torsten Bronger/ <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piscis_Austrinus_constellation_map.png" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>September equinox images from EarthSky’s community</h3> <figure id="attachment_344418" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-344418" style="width: 650px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2020/09/sunrise-sep16-2020-Peter-Lowenstein-Mutare-Zimbabwe-e1600428489783.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-344418" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2020/09/sunrise-sep16-2020-Peter-Lowenstein-Mutare-Zimbabwe-e1600428489783.jpg" alt="Sunrise, flying birds, sun peeking out over very top of palm tree." width="650" height="974" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-344418" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/33242" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://www.facebook.com/peter.lowenstein.568" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Peter Lowenstein</a> in Mutare, Zimbabwe, captured this glorious sunrise photo – a near-spring sunrise for him – on September 16, 2020. He wrote: “Rising sun behind palm tree with circling swallows and crows.” Thank you, Peter!</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_188943" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-188943" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2013/09/Fomalhaut-Tony-Gieracki-e1568543330376.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-188943" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2013/09/Fomalhaut-Tony-Gieracki-e1568543330376.jpg" alt="A darkened skyline, with smoke from a chimney blowing sideways and a single star above." width="800" height="533" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-188943" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2013/09/Fomalhaut-Tony-Gieracki.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View larger</a>. | From the Northern Hemisphere, <a href="https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/solitary-fomalhaut-guards-the-southern-sky" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fomalhaut</a> is sometimes called the Autumn Star. It’s also called the Loneliest Star because no other bright stars shine near it in the sky. Photo by EarthSky friend Tony Gieracki. Thank you, Tony!</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_206794" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-206794" style="width: 650px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/autumn-sweden-jorgen-norrland-andersson-e1411836759239.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-206794" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2014/09/autumn-sweden-jorgen-norrland-andersson-e1411836759239.jpg" alt="Symmetrical oak tree starting to turn orange against partly cloudy blue sky." width="650" height="866" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-206794" class="wp-caption-text">Autumn in Sweden via <a href="https://facebook.com/earthsky" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EarthSky Facebook</a> friend Jörgen Norrland Andersson.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bottom line: The September equinox is here! It’ll arrive at 01:04 UTC on September 23, 2022. The sun will be exactly above Earth’s equator, moving from north to south. Autumn for the Northern Hemisphere. Spring for the Southern Hemisphere. Here’s all you need to know. </p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox/">2022 September equinox: All you need to know</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:93:"https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"5";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:3;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:73:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:55:"Sun activity: A fiery southeast, and a sun-diving comet";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:69:"https://earthsky.org/sun/sun-activity-solar-flare-cme-aurora-updates/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:77:"https://earthsky.org/sun/sun-activity-solar-flare-cme-aurora-updates/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Thu, 22 Sep 2022 11:30:53 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:3:"Sun";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=387071";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:374:"<p>September 22, 2022, sun activity. Happy equinox! The sun appears to be celebrating with a fiery-looking southeast quadrant, plus a sun-diving comet.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/sun/sun-activity-solar-flare-cme-aurora-updates/">Sun activity: A fiery southeast, and a sun-diving comet</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:13:"C. Alex Young";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:18995:"<figure id="attachment_406274" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406274" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-406274" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-22-22-Sun-activity-southeast-limb-ezgif.com-gif-maker-2.gif" alt="Sun activity animation of the southeast limb by using different technologies and colors." width="800" height="800" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406274" class="wp-caption-text">September 22, 2022, sun activity. A fiery southeast limb, with 3 sunspot regions! Plus a <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-holes" rel="noopener" target="_blank">coronal hole</a> has just appeared in this region. Image via <a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">SDO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>September 22 sun activity: A fiery southeast, and a sun-diving comet</h3> <p><strong>Today’s top news: </strong> <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-september-equinox/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Happy equinox</a>, everyone! The sun itself appears to be celebrating by welcoming a new sunspot region on its southeast limb (edge). The new region is labeled AR3107. It’s southeast of AR3105. An earlier region, AR3106, has decayed. But there is a third sunspot region that has just emerged, east of AR3105. It is now numbered AR3108. And there’s a new <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-holes" rel="noopener" target="_blank">coronal hole</a> in this region (in addition to the large trans-equatorial [equator-crossing] coronal hole we talked about earlier this week). The new coronal hole has emerged, also in the sun’s southeast, in the past 24 hours. All this on the southeast solar quadrant makes it look fiery and promising. In other news … Sun-observing spacecraft caught a sun-diving comet late yesterday. The doomed comet was likely a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kreutz sungrazer</a>, believed to be fragments of one large comet that broke up several centuries ago. A swarm of fragments of this broken comet orbits closely to the sun. It’s thought that – about once a day – a tiny comet fragment, some only a few meters across, dives into the sun and disintegrates. But occasionally a bigger one dives sunward, and one of our spacecraft catches it. See the video below, in the tweet from Keith Strong.<br /> <strong>Last 24 hours:</strong> Sun activity is low with only <a href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/flare.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">C class</a> flares. The largest, a C6.71 flare, occurred at 23:20 <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/universal-time/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">UTC</a> on September 21, 2022. Newcomer AR3107 is already participating in the action with two C flares. There are five labeled sunspot active regions.<br /> <strong>Next 24 hours:</strong> The forecast is for a 99% chance for C flares, 30% chance for M flares and 5% chance for X flares.<br /> <strong>Next expected CME:</strong> No Earth-directed <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/what-are-coronal-mass-ejections/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CMEs</a> observed.<br /> <strong>Current geomagnetic activity:</strong> Quiet now. Expected quiet much of this day. But <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NOAA</a> is forecasting a possible G1 (minor) <a title="What is a geomagnetic storm?" href="https://earthsky.org/sun/definition-what-is-a-geomagnetic-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">geomagnetic storm</a>, due to <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-wind" target="_blank" rel="noopener">high-speed solar wind</a> from the large trans-equatorial (equator-crossing) coronal hole that we talked about yesterday.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">SUN DIVING COMET DESTRYED: A tiny comet dove towards the Sun from about 4 o’clock in this coronagraph picture. It does not make it to the Sun. It is ionized even before it enters the inner field of LASCO. It is likely a member of the Kreutz sun-grazing family of comets. <a href="https://t.co/0zJ4hIkLGo">pic.twitter.com/0zJ4hIkLGo</a></p> <p>— Keith Strong (@drkstrong) <a href="https://twitter.com/drkstrong/status/1572795202821324802?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 22, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Happy September Equinox! Fall for the Northern Hemisphere and Spring for the Southern Hemisphere begins Friday, September 23, 2022, at 01:03 UTC • 01:33 GMT; Thursday, September 22, 2022, • 9:03 p.m. EDT • 6:03 p.m. PDT.<a href="https://t.co/hOpjcLPGmI">https://t.co/hOpjcLPGmI</a> <a href="https://t.co/WaFpUMpfT4">pic.twitter.com/WaFpUMpfT4</a></p> <p>— Dr. C. Alex Young (@TheSunToday) <a href="https://twitter.com/TheSunToday/status/1572693070411341829?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 21, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <figure id="attachment_406275" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406275" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-406275" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-22-22-Coronal-holes-ezgif.com-gif-maker-2.gif" alt="Sun activity shows a new coronal hole in the southeast solar quadrant. There are brighter and darker areas in the sphere representing the sun." width="800" height="800" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406275" class="wp-caption-text">September 22, 2022. A new coronal hole on the southeast quadrant of the solar disk, plus the trans-equatorial coronal hole we have been observing. Image via <a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">SDO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_406389" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406389" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NASA-SDO_sun-in-visible-light_2022-sep-23_0445UTC_labels-e1663911345164.jpg" alt="The sun, seen as a yellow sphere with dark spots." width="800" height="800" class="size-full wp-image-406389" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NASA-SDO_sun-in-visible-light_2022-sep-23_0445UTC_labels-e1663911345164.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NASA-SDO_sun-in-visible-light_2022-sep-23_0445UTC_labels-e1663911345164-300x300.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NASA-SDO_sun-in-visible-light_2022-sep-23_0445UTC_labels-e1663911345164-150x150.jpg 150w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NASA-SDO_sun-in-visible-light_2022-sep-23_0445UTC_labels-e1663911345164-768x768.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406389" class="wp-caption-text">Today’s sun activity with the most active regions labeled (<a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/universal-time/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 UTC</a> on September 23, 2022). Original image, without labels, via <a href="http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/assets/img/latest/latest_1024_HMIIC.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA SDO</a>. Courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams, with labeling by EarthSky. Today’s sun is posted by <a href="https://earthsky.org/author/armandocaussade/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Armando Caussade</a>. Why are east and west on the sun <a href="https://earthsky.org/sun/east-and-west-on-the-sun-reversed/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">reversed</a>?</figcaption></figure> <h3>September 21 sun activity: 3 regions to watch on sun’s limb</h3> <p>AR3105 is now in view in the sun’s southeast, as mentioned <a href="#yesterday">yesterday</a>. And now a new sunspot region southwest of AR3105 has developed. Originally thought to be part of AR3105, it’s now seen as separate and is numbered 3106. Another region (unnumbered) just southeast of AR3105 is also coming into view. Together, these three regions show promise for activity to come. Is this complex magnetic area building up to give us some surprise flaring? We’ll see. Meanwhile, on another part of the sun, AR3102 continues its flaring as it moves towards the sun’s southwest limb. More about that below. And the large trans-equatorial (equator-spinning) <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-holes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coronal hole</a> we’ve been watching has also shifted westward. It’s <a href="https://www.wordnik.com/words/geoeffective" target="_blank" rel="noopener">geoeffective</a> now: In a position to cause magnetic field disturbances on Earth, due to its <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-wind" target="_blank" rel="noopener">high-speed solar wind</a>. Thus, <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NOAA</a> is forecasting a possible G1 (minor) <a title="What is a geomagnetic storm?" href="https://earthsky.org/sun/definition-what-is-a-geomagnetic-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">geomagnetic storm</a>. Alert for aurora-chasers!</p> <figure id="attachment_406112" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406112" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-406112" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-21-22-Sun-activity-ezgif.com-gif-maker-2.gif" alt="September 21, 2022. Animation of the sun showing activity in multiple areas." width="800" height="450" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406112" class="wp-caption-text">September 21, 2022, sun activity. A fiery southeast limb (edge) with 2 newcomer sunspot active regions. Image via <a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_406115" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406115" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-406115" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-21-22-Coronal-hole-ezgif.com-gif-maker-2.gif" alt="September 21, 2022. Animation of the sun showing a large coronal hole." width="800" height="800" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406115" class="wp-caption-text">September 21, 2022. A large trans-equatorial <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-holes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coronal hole</a> has become <a href="https://www.wordnik.com/words/geoeffective" target="_blank" rel="noopener">geoeffective</a>, meaning its <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-wind" target="_blank" rel="noopener">high-speed solar wind</a> can affect Earth. Image via <a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p> </p> <h3>September 20 sun activity: AR3105 is here!</h3> <p><strong>Today’s top news:</strong> The sun’s rotation has now carried the active region formerly known as AR3089 into view. Active regions are given new labels each time they appear on the Earth-facing solar disk. And so we now have the new label AR3105 for this region. During its last visit, the region produced 75 <a href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/flare.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C flares</a> and five M flares. And the region’s size and magnetic complexity continue to look quite interesting. So far, LASCO C2 has detected a <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/what-are-coronal-mass-ejections/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CME</a> on the east limb (edge). Imagery shows it was first visible at <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/universal-time/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 01:36 UTC</a> on September 19 and it is believed to be associated with a C6.5 flare from AR3105. It is not Earth-directed. But any future CMEs could be, once AR3105 is carried by the sun’s rotation to a spot more central on the Earth-facing disk of the sun. This region – combined with the large equator-crossing <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-holes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">coronal hole</a> located at disk center – could duplicate the great auroral display from a couple of weeks ago. Will this happen? We will have to wait and see.</p> <figure id="attachment_406001" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406001" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-406001" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-20-22-Sunspot-AR3105-e1663666227169.jpg" alt="September 20, 2022 Composite of the southeast quadrant of the sun showing a sunspot." width="800" height="399" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-20-22-Sunspot-AR3105-e1663666227169.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-20-22-Sunspot-AR3105-e1663666227169-300x150.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Sep-20-22-Sunspot-AR3105-e1663666227169-768x383.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406001" class="wp-caption-text">Sun activity on September 20, 2022. Some days ago – when we last saw this active region being carried out of view by the sun’s rotation – it was labeled AR3089. Now it’s back and has a brand new label: AR3105. Will it be active again, as it was when it was last visible from Earth? This composite is made of HMI Intensitygram-Flattened and HMI Colorized Magnetogram images, via <a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">The region formally known as AR3089 is already making its presence known from just over the southeast limb. Descent-sized C flares are probably larger in size given their occultation by the Sun. ?????? <a href="https://t.co/EzVQVm5Aso">pic.twitter.com/EzVQVm5Aso</a></p> <p>— Dr. C. Alex Young (@TheSunToday) <a href="https://twitter.com/TheSunToday/status/1571810755380486144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 19, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <h3>September 19 sun activity: Waiting …</h3> <p>Sun activity has dropped to low since AR3098 departed the Earth-facing side of the sun. But the region we knew as AR3089 (when it was on our side of the sun) is about to rotate back into view, and signs of its activity are already apparent (see animated gif above). We’ve seen seven <a href="https://earthsky.org/sun/is-a-solar-flare-the-same-thing-as-a-cme/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">flares</a> on the sun’s southeast limb (edge), where this region sits just outside of view. A promising display! And now sun-watchers are waiting to see what else this region will bring. By the way, the largest flare observed from the region was a <a href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/flare.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C6.5</a>, but, given that the active region itself is partly occulted (blocked) by the sun’s limb (edge), it and the other flares are probably larger. This new region will come fully into view over the next day or so.</p> <figure id="attachment_405895" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-405895" style="width: 798px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-405895" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NewRegion-Flares-September192022-SDO131.gif" alt="Teal globe with time and date labeled at the bottom left. Bright areas on the bottom right and bottom middle of the globe with animated flashes." width="798" height="792" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-405895" class="wp-caption-text">Sun activity September 19, 2022: The sun is flaring both from AR3102 and the new region not yet rotated into view on the southeast limb (edge). Before it rotated to the far side of the sun, that region was designated AR3089. Seen in SDO 131 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstrom" target="_blank" rel="noopener">angstroms</a>. Image via <a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>To our readers and community</h3> <p>We invite you all to send us your beautiful recent photos of sunspots and auroras. We love receiving your photos! To those of you who’ve already posted a photo to our community, thank you.</p> <p><a href="https://earthsky.org/community-submissions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Submit photos here</a></p> <p><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View community photos here</a></p> <figure id="attachment_405764" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-405764" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-405764" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Mario-Rana_sun-in-hydrogen-alpha-with-AR3100-AR3102-AR3103_Hampton-VA_2022-sep-16-e1663377023297.jpg" alt="The sun, seen as a large orange sphere with a mottled surface." width="800" height="800" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Mario-Rana_sun-in-hydrogen-alpha-with-AR3100-AR3102-AR3103_Hampton-VA_2022-sep-16-e1663377023297.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Mario-Rana_sun-in-hydrogen-alpha-with-AR3100-AR3102-AR3103_Hampton-VA_2022-sep-16-e1663377023297-300x300.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Mario-Rana_sun-in-hydrogen-alpha-with-AR3100-AR3102-AR3103_Hampton-VA_2022-sep-16-e1663377023297-150x150.jpg 150w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Mario-Rana_sun-in-hydrogen-alpha-with-AR3100-AR3102-AR3103_Hampton-VA_2022-sep-16-e1663377023297-768x768.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-405764" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos/entry/52061/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View at EarthSky Community Photos</a>. | <a href="https://earthsky.org/earthsky-community-photos?filter_1_3=Mario&filter_1_6=Rana&mode=all" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mario Rana</a> in Hampton, Virginia, captured this filtered image on September 16, 2022, and wrote: “Hydrogen-alpha image of the sun featuring active regions AR3100, AR3102, and AR3103. There’s also a nice prominence on the southwest limb.” Thank you, Mario!</figcaption></figure> <p>Bottom line: September 22, 2022. Happy equinox! The sun appears to be celebrating with a fiery-looking southeast quadrant. Plus we have video showing yesterday’s sun-diving comet.</p> <p><a href="https://earthsky.org/space/sun-activity-week-of-september-12-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Looking for last week’s sun activity? Click here.</a></p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/sun/sun-activity-solar-flare-cme-aurora-updates/">Sun activity: A fiery southeast, and a sun-diving comet</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:74:"https://earthsky.org/sun/sun-activity-solar-flare-cme-aurora-updates/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:4;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:76:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:46:"Launches: SpaceX tests Starship, gains clients";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:72:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-spacex-tests-starship-gains-clients/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:80:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-spacex-tests-starship-gains-clients/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Thu, 22 Sep 2022 10:40:35 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:2:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:11:"Human World";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:1;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:5:"Space";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=406239";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:375:"<p>In Launches: SpaceX plans to make 100 trips to space in 2023, including new flights for old clients and former clients of the shunned Russian space agency.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-spacex-tests-starship-gains-clients/">Launches: SpaceX tests Starship, gains clients</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12:"Dave Adalian";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:8784:"<figure id="attachment_406307" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406307" style="width: 799px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Starship-SN8-High-Altitude-Flight-Test-dec9-2020.jpg" alt="Rocket blasting off." width="799" height="533" class="size-full wp-image-406307" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Starship-SN8-High-Altitude-Flight-Test-dec9-2020.jpg 799w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Starship-SN8-High-Altitude-Flight-Test-dec9-2020-300x200.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Starship-SN8-High-Altitude-Flight-Test-dec9-2020-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406307" class="wp-caption-text">SpaceX Starship SN8 high-altitude flight test on December 9, 2020. This week (September 19, 2022), they fired the Super Heavy Booster 7 again. This marks the 1st time 7 Raptor 2 engines were fired at once. Image via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/spacex/50703878421//" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SpaceX</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>SpaceX tests Starship, gains clients</h3> <p>SpaceX is popping rockets into orbit faster than any aerospace group – past or present, public or private – ever has. And CEO Elon Musk has set his sights on 100 or more flights in 2023. The company is moving quickly to get its <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/sls-v-starship-its-a-mini-space-race/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Starship</a> heavy-lift vehicle off the ground again. This time it will be for a full orbital test. New clients are lining up to put their payloads aboard the trusty Falcon 9, the company’s workhorse.</p> <h3>They’ve got the better mousetrap</h3> <p>A rideshare launch of five satellites for <a href="https://www.iridium.com/blog/2019/02/08/iridium-next-review/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Iridium Communications’ NEXT program</a> is the most recent buy-in. The satellites flying in the Iridium-9 mission are spares for the company’s global broadband satellite constellation. According to a September 8, 2022, <a href="https://investor.iridium.com/2022-09-08-Iridium-Announces-Ninth-SpaceX-Launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">press release</a> from Iridium, SpaceX has already flown eight Iridium missions in the last five years. The next liftoff will come next year:</p> <blockquote><p>Known as Iridium-9, the launch is planned to take place at Vandenberg Space Force Base in mid-2023. Earlier this year, Iridium celebrated the 25th anniversary of the first launch in Iridium’s history, which also took place from Vandenberg on May 5, 1997. That first ever launch also carried five Iridium satellites to orbit on a Delta II rocket.</p></blockquote> <p>Iridium CEO <a href="https://investor.iridium.com/matthew-desch" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Matt Desch</a> praised SpaceX’s performance while explaining why the company is putting most of its spare satellites up now:</p> <blockquote><p>Our constellation is incredibly healthy; however, the spare satellites have no utility to us on the ground. We built extra satellites as an insurance policy, and with SpaceX’s stellar track record, we look forward to another successful launch, which will position us even better to replicate the longevity of our first constellation.</p></blockquote> <h3>ESA says <em>do svidaniya</em> to Roscosmos launches</h3> <p>SpaceX is likely to see a long waiting list for clients eager to put their satellites into the hands of the most reliable ride going. This is especially true now that Russia appears to be almost entirely out of the international aerospace business.</p> <p>During an <a href="https://arstechnica-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/arstechnica.com/science/2022/09/european-space-chief-cannot-see-a-return-to-cooperation-with-russia/?amp=1&amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIKAGwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16624810865836&csi=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2F09%2Feuropean-space-chief-cannot-see-a-return-to-cooperation-with-russia%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener">interview</a> last month with <em>Ars Technica</em>, European Space Agency Director General <a href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/Josef_Aschbacher_ESA_Director_General" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Josef Aschbacher</a> made it clear he and other representatives of ESA are horrified by Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine in February of 2022. The distaste is so intense the Europeans have ended all business with <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-russians-unveil-space-station-model/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Roscosmos</a>. Roscosmos is the Russian space agency that had been a leading launch provider for crewed and uncrewed trips to the ISS.</p> <p>The decision to sever ties is a purely moral one, he said:</p> <blockquote><p>I’m really disgusted by the invasion of Ukraine. We see it every single day. What is happening there is not meeting our European values, and we cannot work with a partner who is completely trampling on those values.</p></blockquote> <p>While the ESA works to get its <a href="https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/ariane-6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ariane 6</a> flightworthy, it had a handful of launches booked through Russia. They canceled those, he told <em>Ars Technica</em>, leaving a gap SpaceX may help fill:</p> <blockquote><p>We had five launches foreseen on Soyuz, and they have been scrapped. Right now I’m in contact with different operators. SpaceX is one of them, but also Japan, India, and basically we want to see whether in principle, our satellites can be launched on their rockets.</p></blockquote> <h3>Aiming for new launch record in 2023</h3> <p>The <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/spacex-starlink-launches-september-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Falcon 9 launch</a> of another set of Starlink communications satellites just this Monday (September 19, 2022) marked the 40th time SpaceX has launched its fully reusable boosters. That is a new annual launch record for the company. Next year, CEO Musk says they plan to launch more than twice that many vehicles. The announcement, as is often the case, came in the form of a casual tweet. It was a response to a comment about the company setting a pace of one launch every 6.2 days in 2022.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Yeah, aiming for up to 100 flights next year</p> <p>— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1564994769826172929?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 31, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <h3>Launches on SpaceX’s Starship</h3> <p>Some of those launches may head to space on board the company’s super-heavy lift vehicle, the Starship. Starship Booster 7, which will be used when the vehicle finally gets a full orbital test flight, reached a new milestone this week. A seven-engine test fire came off without a hitch. During a <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/spacex-assessing-damage-after-booster-7-explosion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">previous engine test</a>, unburnt fuel ignited under the booster, causing a spectacular but mostly harmless explosion.</p> <p>There was no such anomaly this time, and Musk shared video of the Tuesday (September 19, 2022) test:</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">7 engine static fire <a href="https://t.co/sOm8Jx8rJq">pic.twitter.com/sOm8Jx8rJq</a></p> <p>— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1571929797185667072?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 19, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The powerful Raptor 2 engines raised a billowing cloud of yellow Texas dust that obscured the Starship. That sight’s become iconic at the Boca Chica facility.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Great for clearing dust!</p> <p>— Elon Musk (@elonmusk) <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1571936169801179138?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">September 19, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>Bottom line: SpaceX plans to make 100 or more trips to space in 2023, including new flights for old clients and former clients of the shunned Russian space agency.</p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-spacex-tests-starship-gains-clients/">Launches: SpaceX tests Starship, gains clients</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:77:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-spacex-tests-starship-gains-clients/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:5;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:76:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:50:"Launches: Expedition 67 crew arrives safely at ISS";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:81:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-expedition-67-lifts-off-for-iss-sept-21-2022/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:89:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-expedition-67-lifts-off-for-iss-sept-21-2022/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Thu, 22 Sep 2022 10:05:49 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:2:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:11:"Human World";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:1;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:5:"Space";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=406246";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:368:"<p>In Launches: An American astronaut and 2 Russian cosmonauts are now aboard the ISS after lifting off the morning of September 21, 2022.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-expedition-67-lifts-off-for-iss-sept-21-2022/">Launches: Expedition 67 crew arrives safely at ISS</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12:"Dave Adalian";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:3850:"<figure id="attachment_406247" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406247" style="width: 683px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-large wp-image-406247" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/NASA-astronaut-Frank-Rubio-aboard-Soyuz-2022-683x1024.jpg" alt="Launches: Close-up of a man with his astronaut suit on." width="683" height="1024" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406247" class="wp-caption-text">At the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, NASA astronaut Frank Rubio performs preflight checkouts in the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft. Rubio launched with crewmates Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Prokopyev and Dmitri Petelin September 21, 2022 for a six-month mission on the International Space Station.<br />Credit: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rB2RAEbuI6o" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ Victor Zelentsov.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Launches: Expedition 67 crew arrives safely at ISS</h3> <p>A Russian Soyuz spacecraft carrying a U.S. astronaut and two cosmonauts took flight today (Wednesday, September 21, 2022), headed for the <a href="https://earthsky.org/human-world/how-to-spot-the-international-space-station/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Space Station</a> (ISS) on Expedition 67. The crew <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-frank-rubio-crewmates-arrive-safely-at-space-station" target="_blank" rel="noopener">arrived safely</a> at the station three hours later, bringing Earth’s on-orbit population to 10 people. The flight came after a six-month delay. NASA announced the successful launch via <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/09/21/astronaut-two-cosmonauts-launch-to-join-station-crew/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the ISS blog</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>NASA astronaut Frank Rubio and two cosmonauts arrived at the International Space Station Wednesday, bringing its number of residents to 10 for the coming week.</p> <p>The Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft carrying Rubio, as well as Sergey Prokopyev and Dmitri Petelin of Roscosmos, docked to the station’s Rassvet module at 1:06 p.m. EDT. Following two orbits, docking occurred about three hours after a 9:54 a.m. launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.</p></blockquote> <p><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rB2RAEbuI6o?start=3280" width="800" height="450" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <p>Now, with three more space travelers at the station, the on-orbit population is 10 people:</p> <blockquote><p>Once on station, the trio will join Expedition 67 Commander Oleg Artemyev, cosmonauts Denis Matveev and Sergey Korsakov of Roscosmos, as well as NASA astronauts Bob Hines, Kjell Lindgren, Jessica Watkins and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti. Rubio, Prokopyev and Petelin will spend six months aboard the orbital laboratory.</p></blockquote> <p>Later, the ISS will be back to a seven-person crew by month’s end, as three cosmonauts return to Russia. <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/09/21/new-crew-enters-station-and-begins-six-month-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA said</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>Roscosmos cosmonauts Oleg Artemyev, Denis Matveev and Sergey Korsakov will return to Earth September 29 on the Soyuz MS-21 spacecraft, which is currently docked at the space station, for a parachute-assisted landing on the Kazakh steppe.</p></blockquote> <p>Bottom line: An American astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts are now aboard the ISS after lifting off the morning of September 21, 2022.</p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-expedition-67-lifts-off-for-iss-sept-21-2022/">Launches: Expedition 67 crew arrives safely at ISS</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:86:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-expedition-67-lifts-off-for-iss-sept-21-2022/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:6;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:73:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:41:"Water worlds common on red dwarfs? Maybe.";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:56:"https://earthsky.org/space/water-worlds-red-dwarf-stars/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:64:"https://earthsky.org/space/water-worlds-red-dwarf-stars/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Thu, 22 Sep 2022 09:55:13 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:5:"Space";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=404747";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:355:"<p>Scientists at the University of Chicago say that water worlds are likely common around red dwarf stars. Most of that water is probably underground, however.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/water-worlds-red-dwarf-stars/">Water worlds common on red dwarfs? Maybe.</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:19:"Paul Scott Anderson";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12929:"<figure id="attachment_404757" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-404757" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/TOI-1452b-exoplanet-water-world.jpeg" alt="Water worlds: Planet with ocean orbiting a star. Starry background." width="800" height="450" class="size-full wp-image-404757" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/TOI-1452b-exoplanet-water-world.jpeg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/TOI-1452b-exoplanet-water-world-300x169.jpeg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/TOI-1452b-exoplanet-water-world-768x432.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-404757" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="http://www.exoplanetes.umontreal.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/IM001-plantete-TOI_1452b.jpg" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View larger</a>. | This is an artistic depiction of the <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-are-exoplanets" rel="noopener" target="_blank">exoplanet</a> TOI-1452 b. It is slightly larger than Earth and may be entirely covered in a deep ocean. It orbits 1 of 2 small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">red dwarf stars</a> and is located in the Draco constellation about 100 <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/how-far-is-a-light-year" rel="noopener" target="_blank">light-years</a> from Earth. Astronomers <a href="http://www.exoplanetes.umontreal.ca/an-extrasolar-world-covered-in-water/?lang=en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">announced</a> its discovery last month (August 2022). Now, a new study says that water worlds are probably common around such stars. Image via Benoit Gougeon/ Institute for Research on Exoplanets/ <a href="http://www.exoplanetes.umontreal.ca/an-extrasolar-world-covered-in-water/?lang=en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">University of Montreal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Earth is a water world, with its vast oceans, lakes and rivers. Elsewhere in our solar system, there are other bodies that have subsurface water oceans, including Jupiter’s moon <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Europa</a> and Saturn’s moon <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/enceladus/in-depth/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Enceladus</a>. But are there water worlds <em>outside</em> our solar system? Growing evidence suggests it’s likely. In fact, a new study from researchers at the University of Chicago says that water worlds – at least one type of them – might be common around red dwarf stars. Most of that water is probably underground, however. The researchers <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl7164" rel="noopener" target="_blank">published</a> their <a href="https://www.science.org/content/page/peer-review-science-publications" rel="noopener" target="_blank">peer-reviewed</a> findings in the journal <em>Science</em> on September 8, 2022. </p> <h3>Water worlds orbiting red dwarfs</h3> <p>The new study focuses on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">red dwarf stars</a>, the most common type of star in our galaxy. Many of the <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-are-exoplanets" rel="noopener" target="_blank">exoplanets</a> – planets outside our own solar system – that astronomers have discovered so far orbit red dwarf stars. The researchers wanted to look at the populations of planets that orbit these stars. These worlds include rocky, water-rich and gas-rich planets. Their examination suggests water worlds are likely common among those planets. <a href="https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/rafael-luque.php" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Rafael Luque</a>, lead author of the new study, <a href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/surprise-finding-suggests-water-worlds-are-more-common-we-thought" rel="noopener" target="_blank">said</a> in <em>UChicago News</em>:</p> <blockquote><p>It was a surprise to see evidence for so many water worlds orbiting the most common type of star in the galaxy. It has enormous consequences for the search for habitable planets.</p></blockquote> <h3>2 different observation techniques</h3> <p>The researchers found clues regarding the planets’ size and mass by combining two different observation techniques. One is called the <a href="https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/ways-to-find-a-planet/#/2" rel="noopener" target="_blank">transit method</a>, based on a planet crossing in front of its star, as seen from our vantage point on Earth. The other is the <a href="https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/alien-worlds/ways-to-find-a-planet/#/1" rel="noopener" target="_blank">radial velocity method</a>, where a very small gravitational tug of a planet on a star is measured by a telescope. By combining the results, scientists get a better idea of how large and massive the planets are. Co-author <a href="http://research.iac.es/galeria/epalle/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Enric Pallé </a>of the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands and the University of La Laguna, <a href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/surprise-finding-suggests-water-worlds-are-more-common-we-thought" rel="noopener" target="_blank">said</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>The two different ways to discover planets each give you different information.</p></blockquote> <h3>Half rock and half ice</h3> <p>Scientists assumed that most of these planets would be rocky, like Earth. And they are … Kind of. The results, however, suggest that they are probably more like half rock and half water. This is because the measured densities of the planets indicate that are too light to be pure rock. As <a href="https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/jacob-l-bean.php" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Jacob Bean</a> at the University of Chicago <a href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/surprise-finding-suggests-water-worlds-are-more-common-we-thought" rel="noopener" target="_blank">said</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>I was shocked when I saw this analysis. I and a lot of people in the field assumed these were all dry, rocky planets.</p></blockquote> <p>There is a catch though. The findings suggest that while the planets contain a lot of water, it is most likely mixed in with the rock, or in subsurface pockets, instead of sloshing around on the surface. Why? Because these particular planets orbit very close to their stars. Any surface water, if it didn’t just boil away, would exist in a supercritical gaseous phase. In that case, this would make the apparent radius of the planet look larger. But that is not what astronomers have observed. As Luque <a href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/surprise-finding-suggests-water-worlds-are-more-common-we-thought" rel="noopener" target="_blank">noted</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>But we don’t see that in the samples. That suggests the water is not in the form of surface ocean.</p></blockquote> <h3>Europa-like water worlds?</h3> <p>If this scenario is true, and these planets have most or all of their water underground, that may make them more like Europa or other ocean moons in our solar system. On those moons, the liquid water is below a surface crust of ice, but the analogy is similar. For Europa specifically, there is not only the underground ocean, but also growing evidence for <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/odd-ridges-on-europa-greenland-habitability/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">pockets of water</a> – lakes if you will – within the ice crust itself.</p> <figure id="attachment_404879" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-404879" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Rafael-Luque-University-of-Chicago.jpeg" alt="Man with eyeglasses, moustache and beard." width="800" height="801" class="size-full wp-image-404879" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Rafael-Luque-University-of-Chicago.jpeg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Rafael-Luque-University-of-Chicago-300x300.jpeg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Rafael-Luque-University-of-Chicago-150x150.jpeg 150w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Rafael-Luque-University-of-Chicago-768x769.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-404879" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/rafael-luque.php" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Rafael Luque</a> at the University of Chicago led the new study about water worlds around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_dwarf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">red dwarf stars</a>. Image via <a href="https://astro.uchicago.edu/people/rafael-luque.php" rel="noopener" target="_blank">University of Chicago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Exoplanet formation</h3> <p>The findings also have implications for how planets form. They support the theory that many planets actually form farther out from their stars and then gradually migrate inwards. These once colder planets could then eventually reside in the region closer around their star where liquid water would be possible. As <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl7164" rel="noopener" target="_blank">noted</a> in the paper:</p> <blockquote><p>Formation models that include orbital migration can explain the observations: Rocky planets form within the snow line, whereas water-rich worlds form outside it and later migrate inward.</p></blockquote> <figure id="attachment_404883" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-404883" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Europa-Galileo-1995-1998-NASA.jpg" alt="Whitish planet-like sphere with many dark curving lines on its surface." width="800" height="591" class="size-full wp-image-404883" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Europa-Galileo-1995-1998-NASA.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Europa-Galileo-1995-1998-NASA-300x222.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Europa-Galileo-1995-1998-NASA-768x567.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-404883" class="wp-caption-text">Jupiter’s moon Europa is the most well-known ocean world, apart from Earth, in our solar system. This image of Europa is a composite from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Galileo</a> spacecraft, made from images acquired in 1995 and 1998. See the many crisscrossing cracks and ridges covering Europa’s surface? They give the moon the appearance of a cracked egg. Image via NASA/ <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia19048-europas-stunning-surface" rel="noopener" target="_blank">JPL-Caltech</a>/ SETI Institute.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Other water worlds</h3> <p>In another study from July 2022, scientists <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/habitable-water-worlds-exoplanets-primordial-atmospheres/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">said</a> that <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/super-earth-mini-neptune-and-sub-neptune-exoplanets-definitions/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">super-Earth</a> exoplanets with thick <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primordial" rel="noopener" target="_blank">primordial</a> atmospheres could also be potentially habitable water worlds.</p> <p>Last month (August 2022), scientists <a href="http://www.exoplanetes.umontreal.ca/an-extrasolar-world-covered-in-water/?lang=en" rel="noopener" target="_blank">announced</a> the discovery of a super-Earth exoplanet 100 <a href="https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/how-far-is-a-light-year" rel="noopener" target="_blank">light-years</a> away that may be completely covered by water. From the studies and discoveries being made, it would seem that there may be a wide variety of water worlds out there in our galaxy. An exciting prospect!</p> <p>Bottom line: Scientists at the University of Chicago say that rocky water worlds are likely common around red dwarf stars. Most of that water is probably underground, however, not on the surface as oceans.</p> <p><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl7164" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Source: Density, not radius, separates rocky and water-rich small planets orbiting M dwarf stars</a></p> <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.03871" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Source (preprint): Density, not radius, separates rocky and water-rich small planets orbiting M dwarf stars</a></p> <p><a href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/surprise-finding-suggests-water-worlds-are-more-common-we-thought" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Via University of Chicago</a></p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/water-worlds-red-dwarf-stars/">Water worlds common on red dwarfs? Maybe.</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:61:"https://earthsky.org/space/water-worlds-red-dwarf-stars/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:7;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:73:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:39:"InSight hears meteoroid impacts on Mars";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:69:"https://earthsky.org/space/insight-hears-meteoroid-impacts-mars-nasa/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:77:"https://earthsky.org/space/insight-hears-meteoroid-impacts-mars-nasa/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Thu, 22 Sep 2022 09:48:40 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:5:"Space";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=405954";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:357:"<p>NASA's InSight hears meteoroid impacts on Mars for the 1st time, scientists say. You can hear the impacts from these space rocks, too. Listen here.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/insight-hears-meteoroid-impacts-mars-nasa/">InSight hears meteoroid impacts on Mars</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:19:"Paul Scott Anderson";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:11542:"<figure id="attachment_405976" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-405976" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-September-5-2021.jpg" alt="InSight hears meteoroid impacts: 3 irregular black and blue areas on gray cratered terrain." width="800" height="535" class="size-full wp-image-405976" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-September-5-2021.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-September-5-2021-300x201.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-September-5-2021-768x514.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-405976" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/system/resources/detail_files/27006_1-PIA25408-web.jpg" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View larger</a>. | <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/nasas-insight-will-study-mars-while-standing-still/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">InSight</a> hears <a href="https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-a-meteoroid-a-meteor-and-a-meteorite" rel="noopener" target="_blank">meteoroid</a> impacts: Meteoroids created these 3 new craters on Mars on September 5, 2021. NASA’s <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> later took this image, and the impacts were “heard” by NASA’s InSight lander. Image via <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/27006/insight-detects-an-impact-for-the-first-time/?site=insight" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ JPL-Caltech/ University of Arizona.</figcaption></figure> <p>NASA’s <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/nasas-insight-will-study-mars-while-standing-still/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">InSight</a> lander has been busy studying the interior of Mars since 2018. In that time, it has detected over <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/mars-quakes-insight-lander-shows-active-faults/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">1,300 marsquakes</a> – the Martian version of earthquakes – and revolutionized our understanding of the planet’s subsurface. Now, mission scientists say it has added another scientific accomplishment to its list. NASA <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9264/nasas-insight-hears-its-first-meteoroid-impacts-on-mars/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">announced</a> on September 19, 2022, that, for the first time, InSight has <em>heard</em> the impacts of four meteoroids as they crashed into the Martian surface. The lander detected the vibrations from the impacts in 2020 and 2021.</p> <p>The researchers <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01014-0" rel="noopener" target="_blank">published</a> their <a href="https://www.nature.com/ngeo/editorial-policies/peer-review" rel="noopener" target="_blank">peer-reviewed</a> findings in <em>Nature Geoscience</em> on September 19, 2022.</p> <p>Scientists had been hoping that InSight would detect such impacts, and now it finally has. As the paper <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01014-0" rel="noopener" target="_blank">reported</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>Here we report observations of seismic and acoustic waves from the NASA InSight lander’s seismometer that we link to four meteoroid impact events on Mars observed in spacecraft imagery. We analysed arrival times and polarization of seismic and acoustic waves to estimate impact locations, which were subsequently confirmed by orbital imaging of the associated craters. </p></blockquote> <p>You can listen to the sounds InSight captured below:</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" width="100%" height="166" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allow="autoplay" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/1345257928&color=ff5500"></iframe></p> <div style="font-size: 10px; color: #cccccc;line-break: anywhere;word-break: normal;overflow: hidden;white-space: nowrap;text-overflow: ellipsis; font-family: Interstate,Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Garuda,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight: 100;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/nasa" title="NASA" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener">NASA</a> · <a href="https://soundcloud.com/nasa/insight-captures-sound-of-a-meteoroid-striking-mars" title="InSight Captures Sound of a Meteoroid Striking Mars" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener">InSight Captures Sound of a Meteoroid Striking Mars</a></div> <h3>InSight hears meteoroid impacts on Mars for 1st time</h3> <p>This is the first time that InSight – or any Mars lander or rover – has ever detected the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave" rel="noopener" target="_blank">seismic waves</a> from a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-a-meteoroid-a-meteor-and-a-meteorite" rel="noopener" target="_blank">meteoroid</a> impact. So far, InSight has “heard” the impacts of four different space rocks. Scientists call these rocks <em>meteoroids</em> before they hit the ground. Afterward, as on Earth, the fragments are called <em>meteorites</em>.</p> <p>The four impacts occurred between 53 and 180 miles (85 and 290 km) from InSight’s location in <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia22232/insight-s-landing-site-elysium-planitia" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Elysium Planitia</a>. The first one broke into three parts and created three new craters on the surface on September 5, 2021. Scientists then later confirmed impacts from three other meteoroids: on May 27, 2020, and on February 18 and August 31, 2021.</p> <p>NASA’s <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> took images of the impact sites from orbit. They appeared as dark spots in the orbiter’s black-and-white Context Camera. Later, the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera (<a href="https://www.uahirise.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">HiRISE</a>) took detailed color photos. The three-year wait for InSight to finally detect a meteoroid impact was well worth it. Co-author <a href="https://vivo.brown.edu/display/idaubar" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ingrid Daubar</a> of Brown University <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9264/nasas-insight-hears-its-first-meteoroid-impacts-on-mars/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">said</a>:</p> <blockquote><p>After three years of InSight waiting to detect an impact, those craters looked beautiful.</p></blockquote> <p>The seismic waves generated by the impacts can give scientists clues about both the impacting rocks and the Martian subsurface. The impacts produced small marsquakes, up to a magnitude of 2.0. By comparison, the largest tectonic marsquake detected so far was magnitude 5.0. Seismic waves, however they are produced, can provide clues about Mars’ crust, mantle and core.</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SA90WKuukmM" width="800" height="450" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <h3>The clocks of the solar system</h3> <p>In addition, such impacts can teach us about Mars’ geological history. Lead author <a href="https://pagespro.isae-supaero.fr/raphael-garcia/?lang=fr" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Raphaël Garcia</a> of the Higher Institute of Aeronautics and Space in Toulouse, France, stated:</p> <blockquote><p>Impacts are the clocks of the solar system. We need to know the impact rate today to estimate the age of different surfaces.</p></blockquote> <p>As on any rocky planet or moon, scientists can use impact craters to determine the age of the surface. Basically, it’s fairly simple: the more craters there are, the older the surface is. Then, researchers can compare the rate of impacts in the past to the rate of impacts today.</p> <h3>Trajectory and shock waves</h3> <p>Not only do impacts reveal clues about the planet but also about the impact events themselves. By using both InSight’s data and orbital images of the impact craters, researchers can determine the meteoroid’s trajectory and size of its shock wave (seismic wave). Even though Mars’ atmosphere is extremely thin, the meteoroids create shock waves as they hit it and explosions when they hit the ground. Garcia said:</p> <blockquote><p>We’re learning more about the impact process itself. We can match different sizes of craters to specific seismic and acoustic waves now.</p></blockquote> <figure id="attachment_405981" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-405981" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-2020-2021.jpg" alt="3 squares side-by-side with images of newly-formed craters." width="800" height="260" class="size-full wp-image-405981" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-2020-2021.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-2020-2021-300x98.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/meteoroid-impact-Mars-Mars-Reconnaissance-Orbiter-InSight-NASA-2020-2021-768x250.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-405981" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/system/resources/detail_files/27011_2-crater-impact-trio-web.jpg" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View larger</a>. | <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/nasas-insight-will-study-mars-while-standing-still/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">InSight</a> also detected 3 other <a href="https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-a-meteoroid-a-meteor-and-a-meteorite" rel="noopener" target="_blank">meteoroid</a> impacts: on May 27, 2020 and on February 18 and August 31, 2021. <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mro/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> later obtained these images. Image via <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/27011?site=insight" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ JPL-Caltech/ University of Arizona.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unfortunately, InSight’s mission is likely <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/insight-solar-panels-dust-mars/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">coming to an end soon</a>. InSight uses solar panels for power, and accumulating dust means that it will run out of power by the end of this year or early next year.</p> <p>Bottom line: NASA’s InSight lander has heard meteoroid impacts on Mars for the 1st time, scientists say. The four impacts provide clues not only about the space rocks, but about Mars’ interior as well.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01014-0" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Source: Newly formed craters on Mars located using seismic and acoustic wave data from InSight</a></p> <p><a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9264/nasas-insight-hears-its-first-meteoroid-impacts-on-mars/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Via NASA</a></p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/insight-hears-meteoroid-impacts-mars-nasa/">InSight hears meteoroid impacts on Mars</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:74:"https://earthsky.org/space/insight-hears-meteoroid-impacts-mars-nasa/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:8;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:73:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:43:"Webb sees Neptune’s rings and moons. Wow!";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:66:"https://earthsky.org/space/webb-sees-neptunes-rings-and-moons-wow/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:74:"https://earthsky.org/space/webb-sees-neptunes-rings-and-moons-wow/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Wed, 21 Sep 2022 14:57:09 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:5:"Space";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=406153";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:342:"<p>Webb sees Neptune's rings and moons! They're the best images in 30 years, since Voyager 2 swept past. See the new Webb images here.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/webb-sees-neptunes-rings-and-moons-wow/">Webb sees Neptune’s rings and moons. Wow!</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:17:"Kelly Kizer Whitt";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12806:"<figure id="attachment_406159" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406159" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-with-labels-e1663763449524.jpg" alt="Webb sees Neptune's rings and moons: Neptune and its rings with 6 moons around and Triton far away, on the top left." width="800" height="800" class="size-full wp-image-406159" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-with-labels-e1663763449524.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-with-labels-e1663763449524-300x300.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-with-labels-e1663763449524-150x150.jpg 150w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-with-labels-e1663763449524-768x768.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406159" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-rings-moons-webb-sep2022-labeled-lg.png" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View larger</a>. | Webb sees Neptune’s rings: Here’s our best view of Neptune, its rings and moons in 30 years! This image includes 7 of Neptune’s 14 known moons, with labels. Triton, Neptune’s large moon, dominates the image. Where’s Neptune’s characteristic blue color? Read about that, and see more images, below. Image via <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/new-webb-image-captures-clearest-view-of-neptune-s-rings-in-decades" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ ESA/ CSA/ STScI.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Webb sees Neptune’s rings and moons</h3> <p>The new <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Webb</a> telescope in space has been looking closer to home lately. It’s moved on from its images of the <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/webb-reveals-more-record-breaking-galaxies/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">farthest known galaxies</a>, into our solar system. It has already targeted <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/webbs-1st-mars-images-a-heat-map-and-more/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mars</a> and <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/jupiter-from-webb-in-new-images-amazing/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Jupiter</a>. And now we delight in these new views of our solar system’s outermost major planet, Neptune. NASA <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/new-webb-image-captures-clearest-view-of-neptune-s-rings-in-decades" rel="noopener" target="_blank">released</a> these images – our clearest view of Neptune in more than 30 years – today (September 21, 2022). Indeed, not since Voyager 2 made a <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/galleries/images-voyager-took/neptune/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">flyby in 1989</a> have we gotten such a good look at Neptune, its family of moons and its two bright rings and faint dust bands.</p> <h3>Why Webb doesn’t see a blue Neptune</h3> <p>Neptune orbits some 30 times farther from the sun than Earth. It’s the most distant and smallest of the four gas giant planets in the outer solar system. To the eye, through a small telescope, it looks blue. And its beautiful blue appearance has been <a href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2021/047/01FM0QHCQC5XT0EXZCSB9PE2PZ?news=true" rel="noopener" target="_blank">captured in visible light by Hubble</a>. </p> <p>Neptune’s deep gaseous atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium. The blue color is a sign that it has more methane in its atmosphere than Jupiter or Saturn. Yet, in Webb’s near-infrared images, the familiar blue color disappears. In this case, that’s because methane gas strongly absorbs red <em>and</em> infrared light.</p> <p>So where’s the methane? Indeed, it’s still there, and Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (<a href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/nircam.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NIRCam</a>) does pick it up, in Neptune’s high-altitude clouds. In Webb’s images, you might see the prominent methane-ice clouds as bright streaks and spots. We can see them, in fact, because they reflect sunlight <em>before</em> methane gas has a chance to absorb the infrared light. </p> <h3>More to see in Webb’s images</h3> <p>The new Webb images also show Neptune’s southern pole, including a vortex with the high-latitude clouds around it. Conversely, the northern pole is out of our view, but there’s an intriguing bright glow toward that region.</p> <p>Additionally, you might be able to spot the thin line around the planet’s equator. This isn’t part of Neptune’s ring system. In these Webb images, the rings cross above on top and below and behind the planet. Instead, that line around Neptune’s equator might be a sign of the global atmospheric circulation that powers Neptune’s winds and storms. At the equator, the atmosphere descends and warms, glowing in infrared more than surrounding areas.</p> <p>Cool, huh? Weather watching on another world …</p> <h3>Webb sees Neptune’s rings in all their glory</h3> <p>Neptune’s rings are vastly too faint to see with small telescopes. Large earthly telescopes first glimpsed them as “arcs” in 1984. But it took the Voyager spacecraft’s passage in 1989 to see them clearly. In these new Webb images, you can see outer ring of Neptune – called <em>the Adams ring</em> – for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" rel="noopener" target="_blank">John Couch Adams</a>, whose precision mathematics led to Neptune’s discovery in 1846. On the left you can see a bright moon, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatea_(moon)" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Galatea</a>, there. Galatea lies just inside the ring and acts as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_moon" rel="noopener" target="_blank">shepherd</a> to it. </p> <p>Moving inward, the faint sheet of material that comes next constitutes the Lassell and Arago rings. The next bright ring is Le Verrier. On the right side of the image, the bright moon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despina_(moon)" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Despina</a> lies just inside and is the shepherd for the Le Verrier ring.</p> <p>Lastly, the fainter ring closest to the planet is called the Galle ring.</p> <p>All of these names are earthly names applied to Neptune, of course, and made official among earthly astronomers by the <a href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Astronomical Union</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/meetTheTeam/people/hammel.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Heidi Hammel</a>, an Interdisciplinary Scientist on the James Webb Telescope Project, said:</p> <blockquote><p>It has been three decades since we last saw these faint, dusty rings. And this is the first time we’ve seen them in the infrared.</p></blockquote> <figure id="attachment_406156" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406156" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663763136511.png" alt="Neptune and rings with bright light and diffraction spikes upper left and small dots around rings." width="800" height="800" class="size-full wp-image-406156" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663763136511.png 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663763136511-300x300.png 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663763136511-150x150.png 150w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptune-and-moons-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663763136511-768x768.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406156" class="wp-caption-text">In this image, we see Neptune, its rings and its moons. Neptune’s largest moon Triton has the bright <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/01G529MX46J7AFK61GAMSHKSSN" rel="noopener" target="_blank">diffraction spikes</a> (top), while the smaller moons, from left to right, are Galatea, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Larissa and Proteus. (Also see annotated image below.) Image via <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/new-webb-image-captures-clearest-view-of-neptune-s-rings-in-decades" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ ESA/ CSA/ STScI.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Neptune’s large moon Triton</h3> <p>Webb captured seven of Neptune’s 14 known moons. Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, almost looks like a star in the new Webb images, with its bright <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/01G529MX46J7AFK61GAMSHKSSN" rel="noopener" target="_blank">diffraction spikes</a>. </p> <p>Triton is an unusual satellite. It’s covered in frozen nitrogen, which makes it so reflective. It returns 70% of the sunlight that hits it back into space. Triton also orbits Neptune in a retrograde orbit. Scientists think that before it was a moon it was a Kuiper belt object that wandered too close to Neptune’s gravitational well.</p> <figure id="attachment_406154" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406154" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptunes-rings-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663762820853.jpg" alt="Neptune's rings: Glowing orb with hot spots and a couple of thin rings." width="800" height="533" class="size-full wp-image-406154" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptunes-rings-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663762820853.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptunes-rings-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663762820853-300x200.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/neptunes-rings-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-e1663762820853-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406154" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/for_stsci_site_imagec-neptunezoom.png" rel="noopener" target="_blank">View larger</a>. | This close-up image of Neptune’s rings by the James Webb Space Telescope’s <a href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/nircam.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NIRCam</a> shows Triton, Neptune’s large moon, looking like a star. Really, those are just <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/01G529MX46J7AFK61GAMSHKSSN" rel="noopener" target="_blank">diffraction spikes</a>. Image via <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/new-webb-image-captures-clearest-view-of-neptune-s-rings-in-decades" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ ESA/ CSA/ STScI.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Wide-field view of Neptune</h3> <p>Webb has plans to study Neptune and Triton again next year. In the meantime, we can enjoy this wide-field view of the 8th planet, its rings and odd moon floating in the depths of our solar system, with far more distant galaxies shining in the background.</p> <figure id="attachment_406160" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406160" style="width: 800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-and-Triton-wide-field-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI.jpg" alt="Wide field view showing Neptune and spiky Triton plus small galaxies in the background." width="800" height="781" class="size-full wp-image-406160" srcset="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-and-Triton-wide-field-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI.jpg 800w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-and-Triton-wide-field-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-300x293.jpg 300w, https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Neptune-and-Triton-wide-field-JWST-NASA-ESA-CSA-STScI-768x750.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406160" class="wp-caption-text">This wide-field view puts Neptune, its rings and moons into context with the wider background of more distant galaxies. Image via <a href="https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2022/046/01GCCVQ72QM3D8CM2MRFGZ94HB?news=true" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NASA</a>/ ESA/ CSA/ STScI.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bottom line: Webb sees Neptune’s rings and moons! They’re the best images in 30 years, since Voyager 2 swept past. See the new Webb images here.</p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/webb-sees-neptunes-rings-and-moons-wow/">Webb sees Neptune’s rings and moons. Wow!</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:71:"https://earthsky.org/space/webb-sees-neptunes-rings-and-moons-wow/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}i:9;a:6:{s:4:"data";s:76:" ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:5:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:43:"Launches: SLS meets test goals despite leak";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:71:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-artemis-sls-test-leaking-fuel-line/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:79:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-artemis-sls-test-leaking-fuel-line/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Wed, 21 Sep 2022 12:59:28 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:2:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:11:"Human World";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:1;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:5:"Space";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:30:"https://earthsky.org/?p=406270";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:353:"<p>In Launches: NASA performed a test on the leak on Artemis' SLS fueling system on September 21, 2022, and said it met all test objectives.</p> <p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-artemis-sls-test-leaking-fuel-line/">Launches: SLS meets test goals despite leak</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:32:"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";a:1:{s:7:"creator";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12:"Dave Adalian";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:40:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/";a:1:{s:7:"encoded";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:3862:"<figure id="attachment_406271" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-406271" style="width: 683px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" class="size-large wp-image-406271" src="https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/09/Artemis-1-KSC-60-anniversary-moon-landing-june-2022-683x1024.jpg" alt="Launches: Rocket on launch pad with full moon above." width="683" height="1024" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-406271" class="wp-caption-text">A full moon hovers over Launch Complex 39B at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on June 14, 2022. The Artemis I Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft, atop the mobile launcher, completed a cryogenic demonstration test today to practice timelines and procedures for launch. The 1st in an increasingly complex series of missions, Artemis 1 will test SLS and Orion as an integrated system prior to crewed flights to the moon. Through Artemis, NASA will land the 1st woman and 1st person of color on the lunar surface, paving the way for a long-term lunar presence and using the moon as a steppingstone on the way to Mars. Read more in Launches. Image via <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/a-full-moon-over-artemis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA/ Cory Huston</a>.</figcaption></figure> <h3>Launches: SLS meets test goals despite leak</h3> <p>Despite an ongoing leak in one of the fueling lines used to fill the SLS’s 537,000-gallon liquid hydrogen tank, Artemis 1 mission controllers declared the rocketship met all of their goals during a cryogenic demonstration test held at Florida’s Kennedy Space Center on September 21, 2022.</p> <p>According to the official <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/21/artemis-cryogenic-demonstration-test-concludes-all-objectives-met/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA Artemis blog</a>, engineers found a workaround for the issue, which allowed them to finish the job. During the test, NASA <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/21/hydrogen-leak-detected-during-slow-fill-operations/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reported</a> the leak was a recurrence of the same leak that has so far kept the Artemis 1 mission grounded. Nevertheless, the team moved forward:</p> <blockquote><p>The launch director has confirmed all objectives have been met for the cryogenic demonstration test, and teams are now proceeding with critical safing activities and preparations for draining the rocket’s tanks. After encountering a hydrogen leak early in the loading process, engineers were able to troubleshoot the issue and proceed with the planned activities.</p></blockquote> <p>The leak reappeared just as the procedures were getting underway, yet NASA declared it had done what it set out to do:</p> <blockquote><p>After encountering the leak early in the operation, teams further reduced loading pressures to troubleshoot the issue and proceed with the demonstration test. The pre-pressurization test enabled engineers to calibrate the settings used for conditioning the engines during the terminal count and validate timelines before launch day to reduce schedule risk during the countdown on launch day.</p></blockquote> <p>The towering moonship has been drained of fuel and placed in its safe configuration as the launch team evaluates if they can meet a goal of <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/artemis1-our-return-to-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">launching Artemis 1</a> no earlier than September 27, 2022.</p> <p>Bottom line: Despite an ongoing leak in the SLS’s fueling system, NASA declared the lift vehicle met all test objectives during a cryogenic demonstration test held September 21, 2022.</p><p>The post <a href="https://earthsky.org/space/launches-artemis-sls-test-leaking-fuel-line/">Launches: SLS meets test goals despite leak</a> first appeared on <a href="https://earthsky.org">EarthSky</a>.</p>";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:36:"http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/";a:1:{s:10:"commentRss";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:76:"https://earthsky.org/space/launches-artemis-sls-test-leaking-fuel-line/feed/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:38:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/";a:1:{s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:1:"0";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}}}s:27:"http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom";a:1:{s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:0:"";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:3:{s:4:"href";s:26:"https://earthsky.org/feed/";s:3:"rel";s:4:"self";s:4:"type";s:19:"application/rss+xml";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}s:44:"http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/";a:2:{s:12:"updatePeriod";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:9:" hourly ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:15:"updateFrequency";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:4:" 1 ";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}}}}}}}}}}}s:4:"type";i:128;s:7:"headers";a:24:{s:4:"date";s:29:"Fri, 23 Sep 2022 10:34:28 GMT";s:12:"content-type";s:34:"application/rss+xml; charset=UTF-8";s:10:"connection";s:10:"keep-alive";s:6:"cf-ray";s:20:"74f2a0c5dbf184f2-BOM";s:13:"cache-control";s:46:"no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0";s:4:"etag";s:34:""d90ff3dd5dd7bfce5000f66886380059"";s:7:"expires";s:29:"Fri, 23 Sep 2022 10:34:28 GMT";s:13:"last-modified";s:29:"Fri, 23 Sep 2022 10:23:24 GMT";s:4:"link";s:55:"<https://earthsky.org/wp-json/>; rel=https://api.w.org/";s:15:"cf-cache-status";s:7:"DYNAMIC";s:6:"pragma";s:8:"no-cache";s:22:"x-content-type-options";s:7:"nosniff";s:11:"x-hosted-by";s:9:"BigScoots";s:12:"x-powered-by";s:10:"centminmod";s:12:"x-robots-tag";s:15:"noindex, follow";s:19:"x-wp-cf-super-cache";s:8:"no-cache";s:33:"x-wp-cf-super-cache-cache-control";s:46:"no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0";s:40:"x-wp-cf-super-cache-worker-bypass-reason";s:34:"This file is excluded from caching";s:33:"x-wp-cf-super-cache-worker-status";s:6:"bypass";s:16:"x-xss-protection";s:13:"1; mode=block";s:9:"report-to";s:235:"{endpoints:[{url:https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=leioxoi%2BLzLWP4xfappGQlpM3%2FbKvz6sVZifjZzzESZBF51BwuPAwcz7vtEJe3n6N24IOYXw%2F53YOX94XvGlX1gl%2B6VqKhWY%2FUrOovGxFseLbddIINGdVHhMDwInEQ%3D%3D}],group:cf-nel,max_age:604800}";s:3:"nel";s:52:"{success_fraction:0,report_to:cf-nel,max_age:604800}";s:4:"vary";s:15:"Accept-Encoding";s:6:"server";s:10:"cloudflare";}s:5:"build";s:14:"20170417072931";}