OXIESEC PANEL

Name	Size	Modified	Perms
📁 ..	-	05/19/2025 10:07:15 AM	rwxr-xr-x
📄 00075c93132acf7a6e46e48d2291ce41.spc	5.69 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0102169e52b6a27a410e7b237202fe84.spc	140.81 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 027d4dde1e82475da3d9afe4844afb1d.spc	2.63 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 03036edfece701eaa1537fea4014dd44.spc	56.35 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0446f65691fba260d3eabbd1377240f8.spc	5.75 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 04d0c6cc2bf146b1318b78f84416b912.spc	124.45 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0582678c8cfff117f770f9368b70c2b5.spc	19.33 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0601d608f5e2ea8e198130b17fe6ef01.spc	157 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 061ad7f2b0116c570fdc35c36824c7c6.spc	42.24 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 06e0c598a46c483b6b9d775e1ba1ecd4.spc	124.09 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0802b12194f292de0e9d9617ac014785.spc	290.02 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 083aed319a0b5c8691e31d9150d8005e.spc	19.84 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:25 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0a3bf48c84477cd58dbc2036a0331134.spc	70.63 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0b5e5f226006af7e46d02ba8ce216a45.spc	54.71 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0b73d04c6bba0acaf2f9a569f388313a.spc	33.59 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0b8a46fca237497cfc90498f9eb909ab.spc	686.66 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0ce2bdd7061489c6136e7614d421b874.spc	47.7 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0de8a2204854bb5dd311607494c671e4.spc	828.58 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0e15494dca4aeb24ea769582482c5162.spc	150.58 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0eaec40cfb584fcb55fcdfb5d76684b9.spc	16.95 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0ed254d4d9db6e3afe193b00bc6471bb.spc	89.85 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0f079d9bb09fef940c38ee73b52b91d4.spc	34.42 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0f5e21d9d8354d10ea23d99101259ba2.spc	42.06 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 0ffc1fa29a6bad7fb49e55940c374610.spc	75.61 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1071b4a15b6c2fe6f7a96f194d0ba524.spc	196 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 10ae571a6266a8e21b0fbb15f552a1cb.spc	13.15 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 118c129ff99a905e4e9325e388b841fe.spc	45.34 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 131a4ad07dda46888cbbc1cb4c710a91.spc	59.6 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 132dee0a955be7733cc009e546de18da.spc	100.76 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 142d8795402a4e8a520be8ebea6f54f3.spc	22.7 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1469d584e9747d132077c9df3cda6c97.spc	121.15 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1479626ef8ef423638ca62f43b3e0f8d.spc	95.45 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 16e016e3ca27d793aa9172c1913c3f23.spc	26.74 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:26 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 19f3a21c36072f501f634db8e658bc9f.spc	16.6 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1b8954ae7aab6fd9784cbcc827133f80.spc	186 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1c0bbac8beea30e555f26fd02994e7a5.spc	19.96 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1c1a63fc25720b7c22c9c28fa2aa9379.spc	236.54 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1f1672e0ecc5e7a6d278c930015520ab.spc	166 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1f4cf3ae9ba91935f556711c1cfc34d4.spc	88.33 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 1f5e96e3f1a01f95ab611ec1458fe470.spc	169.16 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 20a75b688975a2d5d342eae9f4c33411.spc	1.22 MB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 225d97aca36305a8b407ea6d8d5b187e.spc	55.08 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 242d3dabf79d13154fcc384ff8b2d25e.spc	113.19 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 25512b0d18ae6e4d20d027abbc467365.spc	31.2 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 25948504a82cd8da1985fddd4500c1c7.spc	153.7 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:27 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 26e0c631724f3653c10c3123546ab5e2.spc	110.09 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:28 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2704664dff0e40e19de087fe00892bc2.spc	24.51 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:28 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 274ae07ff50cfde2bda57a71703b62f4.spc	2.54 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:28 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2799184659106c88b5072a3e3f763a4d.spc	2.54 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:28 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2801f3bdd649962fa663f608c2383280.spc	154.53 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:28 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 28099e26c5c9a06acb85a41ccd789efc.spc	500.36 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:28 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2aabe0323264e3f60916621039be0e76.spc	42.37 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2abcd685295b4a261ad2e866188e5e11.spc	125.3 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2aed529f6407470bef913050a1d118ef.spc	151 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2b2654a64e8b0f5d9cf497e0883b2042.spc	96.1 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2dae1abba28ecd05f3e1e91f308cf8c4.spc	87.25 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2db16a36af8daf383cb739dd57a44d90.spc	147.19 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2de250597c053bd81359233c14c51db4.spc	286.38 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 2fb670ecdcda7db936aa7d2f018a79e4.spc	23.75 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 30d5af6cd4c10ea02520bcaba31f3d1c.spc	141.02 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 31591159e55bceb27be71ce43cd1517e.spc	443.64 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 31f817c15425941589a9819216265501.spc	68.33 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:30 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 34661b0e5b23f423b303c946172b39f8.spc	20.99 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:29 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3567037b5acd1842946ba40397edead4.spc	84.5 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:30 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 37cf2adae9335c54f1dbc436922e6cfc.spc	181 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:30 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 389ae768f4ecb350b56b92da3b04c1ac.spc	180.5 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:30 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3bcfb7838de30c68c7acc437c16935cc.spc	142.35 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:30 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3ca755a78dd04c91695e5fcee845991f.spc	42.02 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:31 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3d135369c757ae57c3c873e6070d5ac6.spc	46.18 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:31 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3e4e8d898fc42bca52bf888c3a33ef23.spc	614.85 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3e804b49f84699d48348b3bee312090d.spc	25.24 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3f92b590befbddc6f7237f2ff7a2ca21.spc	407.55 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 3f93802ae5a285cffaf04f22ceb596fb.spc	307.02 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 419e5468f73de12da7ac55b064ff6e04.spc	19.87 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 43cdef0c688f38c395285fd09bd1d8b6.spc	163 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 445a8424173fb9de0f08493a09557c92.spc	39.14 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:33 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 447b88825763019604aca4e363415120.spc	3.18 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 44a6e222af7ac1e000190688f3824d27.spc	103.66 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 45ec354e05ea3a553e89c9f9d1ee7a6f.spc	67.86 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 48926180fcc9ab4ab897cfbc5279409e.spc	170 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4904c558085c30a9ca52969c7f875cf8.spc	155 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 490fd4abfc32189cff5d5f38ddaaff5b.spc	22.31 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 491e4a0adc576f7c32fdb7ee38bb0997.spc	88.77 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 492e918dde587df3095914b1f67cd6ee.spc	31.56 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4b6d0ec22ab2dc33cffefef17cf9a288.spc	87.42 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4b6fa8105439c52ea4f2c1f18e0957e2.spc	181 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4c3facd12e8f40cab8114677f681ebaf.spc	134 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4ca537d8aa4727a23841361c475118e1.spc	42.22 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4d1bb795413f82f68c666caa0c0c27bb.spc	148.14 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 4e8baeaef3679f9460ffdecddbb1f6a7.spc	35.08 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5064bfc366d30fb3250bafeacadc83db.spc	22.11 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 50ba71d2f35fb5e96b224d907d33d263.spc	720.35 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 51447ae67b6d856982df0ea0496cf24b.spc	18.89 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 522fe4b133aa24cb42c79b24ecb5c838.spc	134.37 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5432740bf8126b80fd18515165c5cf20.spc	22.07 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 55fad6ae8bfedfb81fafc8bd5112a79f.spc	31.16 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 577d0589862161e3aaa25ed8758b2765.spc	29.23 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:34 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 57e4b3f5cadf2d33fa630cb96499349a.spc	154 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 588359e68ff59d4ef53aaf3edb6a44cf.spc	6.77 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5a06bba505584742f9e590f2f81e0ff3.spc	128 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5c6d487a1fbb288f7f0f73b55f6b2df1.spc	41.86 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5c744a4198beb7326dcf101f961486b4.spc	56.94 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5ef8b2cef4776b3e3f9f79092ce932ca.spc	124.66 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 5fc9bcdda34ec7e72510b177a0164b7b.spc	602.71 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 60bc545cda9dafe75484b88be1dd4ae9.spc	67.49 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 60fe2edd86b212feb0f71552066ef55d.spc	186.19 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6270f865db79068a5dedb78ba877e7a0.spc	100.02 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6370a4a7eb9be29e32a96811bc0dd7b6.spc	19.59 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 63f55618eba7b0585577fb08ea8818dc.spc	41.42 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 651d4f6bf953adef7c5b8f05f01e1151.spc	32.47 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 66267a4d6dba7887fc7d4a1aa2da9b75.spc	123.73 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 663e01e065755a523f15f61782ef2fd0.spc	28.3 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 66506bf5272cefcb56085b4b77463bd8.spc	280.88 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 669fa07a0da20a5d0da35d972d5fcac5.spc	99.77 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 679d4423c6016aeb24557d767a509bbb.spc	46.29 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 69185497e5f13fd4744a2c39d76fb812.spc	32.55 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 69b3abe3aa88d144d3591d56873de72b.spc	150 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6a0ab3ec7216c8caa50e266f3ff16993.spc	22.35 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6c7544e2246a222bbde6ad7d0406c8db.spc	200.49 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6c7c31384f1626a700bc8fbd2f584add.spc	57.94 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6cf9d92f08956fa74016014a99dc793e.spc	28.51 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6ee565104f90a8212dd7e14133d6e4ae.spc	193 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:35 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 6eede30400457c4277e91f133b7a27a6.spc	60.73 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 71f0008f42879a3e550851568b3494d0.spc	1.8 MB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 72ff111641b87f5d234c3ded91959234.spc	136.69 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7400954e05f62bf45dcf5c1087223df4.spc	2.63 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7463e454c4ab831179d37c4e86643dc2.spc	266.75 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 74a014a9f44690e4a045b1753c1ef5c9.spc	159 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 76c5af11f8b8bd34c58097da8689d2a2.spc	185.34 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 76e6555adc909bfac627ceaba91df128.spc	167.17 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7ab2d04babf16e9d06f787e38f186748.spc	89.36 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7b9723cc6339397505e29dbe8497b10a.spc	150 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:36 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7beeb799568e0584e407e788f7ec973d.spc	56.61 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7c6fcaa553a1353d8fcc5535064f4008.spc	50.63 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7d1ab5c52f2c3ab33c409e73bedecc5e.spc	3.92 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7dc75885832733a5ea185d98887b82df.spc	33.47 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 7e7185a8ee7828937f2a05f0aa956f10.spc	162 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 80d5eace46cca553f0c7e7a631ed6703.spc	123.39 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 828f89042b67ae6fca8657110997c302.spc	3.94 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8341235cab83dcb126f0ad2b5812b63d.spc	88.67 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8353d08af859970965abdbc71f5bf9a3.spc	37.15 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 83efe9d0463ea50fa82517c4a92ed589.spc	158 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8409cc881139fa5d466af5d757f19609.spc	48.09 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 84ed1e5a5cc7fb7930a3132f1dd7ae0a.spc	112.98 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 850a6a7f962502618892db457e231fe7.spc	131.61 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 852c8f9b4effcea04904f4e1e55da3f4.spc	459.08 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 874091b93fb13db66a5fdbe72fbb8d6b.spc	1.59 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8b768f4e406ced9a4cba62897a7bc651.spc	97.91 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8bbfe139e67e5f738b9ffcb18a7c5b86.spc	47.7 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8d0823d0a4bd13241dc275b14e801667.spc	183.86 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8d3db038a087fbdc54054a9282afa2c6.spc	164 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8d64115de2ca5294e771c8614663c953.spc	162 bytes	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 8e24588eb23460ceefe5195686c2a6db.spc	101.38 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
📄 906b5d59de170e528244744b925a8af5.spc	97.16 KB	03/06/2025 09:42:37 AM	rw-r--r--
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";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";s:5:"child";a:6:{s:0:"";a:7:{s:5:"title";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:102:"SEBI modifies ‘Restrictions on Investments’ vide SEBI (Mutual Funds) (Amendment) Regulations, 2024";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"link";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:135:"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-mutual-funds-amendment-regulations-2024-notified/";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"comments";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:143:"https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-mutual-funds-amendment-regulations-2024-notified/#respond";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:7:"pubDate";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:31:"Wed, 03 Jul 2024 11:00:47 +0000";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:8:"category";a:8:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:19:"Legislation Updates";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:1;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:19:"Rules & Regulations";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:2;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:16:"1996 Regulations";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:3;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:16:"2024 Regulations";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:4;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:9:"Amendment";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:5;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:23:"Investment restrictions";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:6;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:12:"Mutual Funds";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}i:7;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:4:"SEBI";s:7:"attribs";a:0:{}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:4:"guid";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:40:"https://www.scconline.com/blog/?p=325635";s:7:"attribs";a:1:{s:0:"";a:1:{s:11:"isPermaLink";s:5:"false";}}s:8:"xml_base";s:0:"";s:17:"xml_base_explicit";b:0;s:8:"xml_lang";s:0:"";}}s:11:"description";a:1:{i:0;a:5:{s:4:"data";s:523:"The SEBI (Mutual Funds) (Amendment) Regulations, 2024 amends the Seventh Schedule of the 1996 Regulations.
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-mutual-funds-amendment-regulations-2024-notified/">SEBI modifies &#8216;Restrictions on Investments&#8217; vide SEBI (Mutual Funds) (Amendment) Regulations, 2024</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog">SCC Times</a>.
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On 02-07-2024, the Securities and Exchange Board of India notified the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Funds) (Amendment) Regulations, 2024 to amend the <a href="http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/lJL9S095" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996</a>. These Regulations came into force on 02-07-2024.
Key Points:
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li>
Earlier, Clause 9(c) of the Seventh Schedule stated that no mutual fund [scheme] shall make any investment in the listed securities of group companies of the sponsor which is in excess of 25 percent of the net assets.
</li>
<li>
After the 2024 regulations amendment, an exception to the above provision has been added which provides that investments by equity-oriented exchange traded funds and index funds may be done which may be subject to the conditions specified by the Board.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/securities-and-exchange-board-of-india-mutual-funds-amendment-regulations-2024-notified/">SEBI modifies &#8216;Restrictions on Investments&#8217; vide SEBI (Mutual Funds) (Amendment) Regulations, 2024</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog">SCC Times</a>.
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The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/bombay-hc-directs-ugc-exemption-to-sspu-from-naac-acc-for-online-courses/">Bombay HC upholds constitutionality of UGC Distance Learning Programme Regulations stipulating double-entry barriers for offering UG &amp; PG programmes</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog">SCC Times</a>.
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Bombay High Court: In a writ petition filed by the Symbiosis Skills and Professional University (&#8220;SSPU&#8221;), challenging the constitutional validity of four provisions of the University Grants Commission (Open Distance Learning Programmes and Online Programmes) Regulations, 2020 (&#8220;Regulations&#8221;), the Division Bench of B.P. Colabawalla and Somasekhar Sundaresan*, JJ., perused the Regulations and upheld their validity, however also acknowledging their inappropriateness for skill universities such as the petitioner. The Regulations imposed barriers on the SSPU to operate certain programmes in the open distance learning (&#8220;ODL&#8221;) and online (&#8220;OL&#8221;) modes. The Court therefore stated the University Grants Commission (&#8220;UGC&#8221;) shall be entitled to exempt the SSPU from strict compliance with the NAAC accreditation requirement for running the provided programmes in the intended modes.
Background
Through this petition, the petitioner had challenged the constitutional validity of four provisions of the University Grants Commission (Open and Distance Learning Programmes and Online Programmes) Regulations, 2020 (&#8220;Regulations&#8221;). The impugned provisions which stipulated double-entry barriers for offering undergraduate and postgraduate programmes (&#8220;Programmes&#8221;) through the Open Distance Learning (&#8220;ODL&#8221;) and Online Mode (&#8220;OL&#8221;)were:
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li>
Any &#8216;Higher Education Institution&#8217; (&#8220;HEI&#8221;) must meet a certain basic accreditation score or ranking as a precondition for offering programmes through ODL or OL modes.
</li>
<li>
The programmes proposed for ODL or OL modes should also be offered in the conventional-in person attendance mode, one batch of which should have passed out.
</li>
</ol>
Symbiosis Open Education Society (&#8220;SOES&#8221;) is the &#8220;sponsoring body&#8221; of the Symbiosis Skills and Professional University (&#8220;SSPU&#8221;), under the Symbiosis Skills and Professional University Act, 2017 (&#8220;SSPU Act&#8221;), a State legislation, whereunder SSPU is meant to be self-financed, but it must maintain the academic standards as stipulated by the University Grants Commission (&#8220;UGC&#8221;). However, SSPU was unable to meet the accreditation norms stipulated in the Regulations, for which the instant challenge was raised.
The petitioners contended that the first barrier was per se arbitrary and unreasonable, and that such a barrier should not be applied to skill universities, since the current parameters of accreditation of HEIs do not appropriately assess skill developmental programmes. They further contended that the second barrier was resolved to be removed by the UGC, but nothing had been done formally yet.
Besides the constitutional challenge to the Regulations, the petitioners also sought a direction to the UGC to grant them exemption from compliance of the Regulations, considering the &#8220;skill university&#8221; character of SSPU. The Regulations provide for UGC&#8217;s powers to exempt an HEI from compliance.
Court&#8217;s Analysis and Judgment
The Court perused the provisions under challenge and found that the two impugned barriers provide for, first, quality of the institution, and second, experience of the institution in offering the programme.
The Court found that the Regulations were not ex facie arbitrary, as a policy of ensuring a basic institutional quality and a proven track record with the programme in question cannot be lightly assailed as unconstitutional.
The Court stated that the stipulation of quality control standards through an accreditation score or ranking is not per se arbitrary, as the lack of quality control mechanisms are an identified threat to the utility of ODL programmes in enhancing the enrolment into higher education in the Indian society.
The Court noted that both the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (&#8220;NAAC&#8221;) and the National Institutional Ranking Framework (&#8220;NIRF&#8221;) rankings are objective tools to measure institutional quality, as they aid in determining whether an institution should be allowed to offer programmes through ODL or OL modes, which are more challenging than conventional classrooms.
Valid legislation but Inappropriate accreditation process
The Court noted that the present NAAC accreditation process is inappropriate for a skill university such as the SSPU. The Court further took note of the acknowledgment by the respondents of this inappropriateness.
The Court also noted the distinction between the objectives of a traditional university, a student of which would be prepared for the subsequent level of academic pursuit, whereas the objective of a skill university would be to prepare their students to be market-ready for a skilled job. Therefore, the NAAC&#8217;s one-size-fits-all cannot be engaged for skill universities.
While noting the inappropriateness of the accreditation methodology for skill universities, the Court held that the same could not be the reason for holding that methodology to be inappropriate.
A notable statement of the Court was, &#8220;If a constitutionally-valid provision of law is applied to a class of persons, but such application were to be evidently unreasonable in its application for that specific class, instead of assailing the provision&#8217;s validity, it would be appropriate for a constitutional court to issue directions to address such anomaly and to make its application fair, reasonable and appropriate.&#8221;
The Court acknowledged that the UGC is empowered to grant exemptions under the Regulations, and also noted that these exemptions could not be demanded by universities as a matter of entitlement, however, the Court opined that for the lack of an appropriate accreditation process for skill universities, the UGC ought to provide due weightage to this anomaly.
NIRF Ranking Procedure
The Court noted that the NIRF had confirmed the introduction of two new segments for open and skill universities in February 2024, and that SSPU had applied for the same in March 2024.
In the light of the special NIRF ranking category for skill universities, the Court refrained from commenting on the NIRF ranking, and said that should SSPU obtain a NIRF ranking, the NAAC accreditation acquirement would become unnecessary, and it would be entitled to proceed with ODL and OL courses awaiting NAAC accent.
Proven experience in offering programme
The Court stated that they being a constitutional court were restricted to the judicial review of the currently applicable law, and examined whether the second barrier was reasonable for manifestly arbitrary. Upon examination, the Court held that the concurrent offering of a programme in a conventional mode as a pre-condition to offer the same in ODL or OL modes was not arbitrary and constitutionally invalid.
The petitioners were asked by the Court to tender a list of programmes they proposed to offer through the ODL mode, and a few of which were found to be eligible for ODL mode under the Regulations, and others are to become eligible by January 2025. In the light of the latter, the Court permitted SSPU to apply for offering those programmes with effect from January 2025.
Directions and observations
The following directions and observations were made by the Court:
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>
The provision of NAAC accreditation stipulated under the Regulations do not require any interference.
</li>
<li>
The present NAAC accreditation process is a misfit for an appropriate and reasonable accreditation of skill universities, since it relies on one-size-fits-all manual. A relevant and proportionate accreditation manual is in process of preparation.
</li>
<li>
SSPU shall be entitled to apply to the UGC for offering the proposed programmes in ODL and OL modes without waiting for the NAAC accreditation with respect to the Regulations and other applicable laws, which shall be decided on by the UGC within 12 weeks of receipt of the application.
</li>
<li>
UGC shall grant an exemption to SSPU from strict compliance with the NAAC accreditation requirement and permit SSPU to offer programmes through ODL and OL modes.
</li>
</ul>
The impugned provisions of the Regulations were held not to be manifestly arbitrary and unreasonable, and therefore were not unconstitutional.
The Court clarified that their intervention was limited to enabling SSPU to streamline its process of offering the listed courses in ODL and OL modes in the light of an absent appropriate and proportionate accreditation process relevant for a skill university.
Lastly, the Court further clarified that should the SSPU be accorded an NIRF ranking, it would be entitled to proceed with ODL and OL courses.
[Symbiosis Open Education Society and Symbiosis Skills and Professional University v. University Grants Commission, Writ Petition No. 7339 of 2023, decided on 28-06-2024]
*Judgment authored by: Justice Somasekhar Sundaresan
<hr/>
Advocates who appeared in this case :
For the Petitioners: Ravi Bhardwaj, Ravindra Keshavrao Adsure, Bhushan Bhadgale, Sidheshwar Biradar, Advocates
For the Respondents: Rui Rodrigues, Jainendra Sheth, Advocates
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On 27-06-2024, the Securities and Exchange Board of India notified the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) (Amendment) Regulations, 2024 (the Regulations) to amend the <a href="http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/3phDX2Q1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Securities and Exchange Board of India (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003</a>. These regulations came into force on 28-06-2024.
Key Points:
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<li>
Regulation 2(1)(b)(i) has been amended by the Regulations to include dealing in securities by the persons mentioned in the provision either themselves or through mule accounts.
</li>
<li>
Inserts definition of &#8216;Mule Account&#8217; providing that it includes trading account maintained with a stock broker or a dematerialised account or bank account linked with such trading account in the name(s) of a person, where the account is effectively controlled by another person, whether or not the consideration for transactions in the account are paid by such other person. The existing Explanation in Regulation 4(1) has been modified to explain that the fraudulent transactions and unfair trade practices that take place through mule accounts must always be considered to have been included in Regulation 4(1).
</li>
</ol>
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Delhi High Court: In a defamation suit filed by India&#8217;s former Assistant Secretary General of the UN, Lakshmi Puri-petitioner, against TMC MP Saket Gokhale-respondent, for publishing a series of offending tweets against her and her husband, Hardeep Singh Puri, Anup Jairam Bhambhani, J., decreed the suit in Laksmi Puri&#8217;s favour and directed Saket Gokhale to pay her 50 lakhs as compensation, along with an apology, to be published on his twitter handle as well as in the Times of India (Delhi) newspaper.
Background
Lakshmi Puri, a highly accomplished person, was a former diplomat and subsequently the Assistant Secretary General of the UN as well as Deputy Executive Director of UN-WOMEN. Her husband, Hardeep Singh Puri, has also had a distinguished career as an IFS officer, served as a Permanent Representative to India to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland and New York, and has been serving as a Minister in the Central Government since 2017.
The grievance of Lakshmi Puri is that the defendant, Saket Gokhale, published a series of tweets on social media platform &#8216;X&#8217;, making false allegations against her and her husband, questioning the source of her finances and ownership of an apartment in Geneva, Switzerland, both being public servants.
Though no formal summons were issued in the suit, Saket Gokhale had entered appearance in the matter on advance service; and subsequently, vide judgment dated 13-07-2021, the Court directed him to delete the offending tweets and other connected tweets from his Twitter-handle. The Court also restrained him from posting any defamatory, scandalous or factually incorrect tweets against Lakshmi Puri or her husband, which he complied with and removed said tweets, and had also filed compliance affidavit. After filing of written statement on 10-02-2022, on 23-08-2022 the counsel representing Saket Gokhale sought discharge in the matter, fresh notice was issued which was duly served upon Saket Gokhale. However, he chose to remain unrepresented in the matter, due to which the Court proceeded ex-parte against him vide order dated 19-12-2023.
Contentions of Laksmi Puri
It was contended by Lakshmi Puri that contents of the offending tweets were factually incorrect, false and per-se defamatory of her and her family, and that the Saket Gokhale ought to have at least verified and confirmed facts before publishing such tweets on social media.
It was further averred by Lakshmi Puri that the offending tweets also insinuated that the property in Geneva, Switzerland could not have been purchased even with her and her husband&#8217;s income put together. Saket Gokhale then drew attention of the Finance Minister, Union Government to the Lakshmi Puri&#8217;s financial affairs, asking that her financial affairs be inquired into in the context of the Prime Minister&#8217;s promise to bring back unaccounted wealth stashed-away by Indians abroad. It was further submitted that Saket Gokhale also questioned whether Finance Minister would order an enquiry by the Enforcement Directorate (under the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002801311" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002</a>) into how she and her husband acquired the money to buy property abroad.
Lakshmi Puri submitted that the &#8216;house&#8217; in Geneva as averred by Saket Gokhale was actually an &#8216;apartment&#8217;. She submitted that the apartment was bought on 31-03-2005, the total cost of purchase of the apartment was Swiss Francs (CHF) 1.6 million, of which CHF 1.0 million was funded by the her through a loan from UBS Bank, Geneva, Switzerland; and the balance was funded by her daughter, who was then working as Senior Vice President with an international investment bank in New York, USA. To substantiate the submission, Lakshmi Puri also filed documents along with the plaint evidencing the loan/mortgage obtained from UBS Bank, Geneva, as well as documents showing remittance advices from J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A., New York, USA showing the transfer of funds by her daughter in New York, USA.
Lakshmi Puri explained that she served as Director, UNCTAD for 7 years between 2002-2009 and her total earning in the year 2005 was equivalent to USD 212,149.71 and filed an attestation from the United Nations Office evidencing the same. She further submitted that at the time she bought the apartment, her husband was posted as Ambassador to the Permanent Mission of India at Geneva, in which position, he was receiving an allowance of about USD 76,000.00 per annum, in addition to his salary from the Government of India. Therefore, during that period, their combined annual income was about USD 290,000.00. It was also contended that all documents related to the purchase of the said property in Geneva, including letters to the Ministry of External Affairs had also been submitted before the Court.
It was submitted by Lakshmi Puri that the target of the offending tweets by Saket Gokhale was not only her but also her husband, who was currently holding public office, and therefore it was politically motivated as well. She submitted that serious and irreversible prejudice had been caused to her and her family&#8217;s name and reputation as a result of the tweets, as these offending tweets were &#8220;Liked&#8221; by more than 26,270 users and &#8220;Re-tweeted&#8221; by more than 8,208 users, which implied that thousands of users had accepted and endorsed the false contents of the offending tweets.
Decision and Analysis
At the outset, the Court noted that the matter had &#8220;proceeded in a somewhat unusual manner&#8221; as even though Saket Gokhale had entered appearance through his counsel and filed written statement, he chose not to appear in the matter thereafter, with the Court remarking &#8220;as if he did not care about the outcome of the proceedings&#8221;, whereas Lakshmi Puri had been diligently pursuing the matter.
The Court noted that where Lakshmi Puri had deposed as to the veracity of the offending tweets in her affidavit. However, Saket Gokhale failed to even participate in the proceedings and had not cross-examined Lakshmi Puri in relation to her averments, allegations and documents. The Court observed that Lakshmi Puri had successfully discharged the burden upon her for proving the document relied upon by her, but Saket Gokhale had failed to discharge the subsequent onus upon him to disprove the same.
The Court relied on the decision of the Supreme Court in R. Rajagopal v. State of T.N., <a href="http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/ND9j20X1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">(1994) 6 SCC 632</a>, wherein it laid-down the contours and conditions of the permissible challenge that may be brought by a public official for publication of defamatory content, arising from breach of privacy relating to the discharge of their public duties. Further, it also enunciated the aspect of a publication being made in reckless disregard of truth, which is a ground for action even by a public official, and much more so by a person who has ceased to be a public official.
The Court, while deciding whether a distinction needed to be drawn when a message is put-out by a person who has followers as compared to an ordinary person, referred to observations made S.Ve. Shekher v. Al. Gopalsamy, <a href="http://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink/qp0v6T7K" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2023 SCC OnLine Mad 4626</a>, wherein it was held that an information or a message sent by a normal citizen and the same information/message sent by a person with a stature having followers had substantial differences, and that more popular a person is in the society, the more responsibility he carried in what he conveyed to the society.
The Court noted that Lakshmi Puri was a retired civil servant, not currently engaged in any governmental or public function, and the financial transaction that was subject matter of the offending tweets, dated back to 2005. Given that Saket Gokhale had brought up such a remote transaction at such a later stage, it was evident that he was not interested in the financial affairs of Lakshmi Puri, but her husband, Hardeep Singh Puri, who held a ministerial position in the Central Government.
The Court said that Saket Gokhale may have been curious about purchase of the apartment in Geneva, as being a parliamentarian Hardeep Puri was bound to disclose his as well as the assets of his spouse, and could have directed queries to them directly or to a proper agency, instead, he chose to publish a series of offending tweets in insinuating that the Puris had acquired the apartment through illicit wealth.
The Court remarked that &#8220;financial integrity and probity is a sine-qua-non for holding any public office. Very few allegations can hurt a person associated with public office more than an allegation of financial impropriety. It is also nearly impossible to dispel misinformation in relation to such matters, once it is disseminated to the public at large&#8221;.
The Court recalled that the counsel for Saket Gokhale had argued that there was no law that required him to seek any clarification either from Lakshmi Puri or any competent public authority before putting-out the offending tweets, and noted that such a statement by him reflected brazen callousness, and was essentially mea-culpa as to Gokhale&#8217;s reckless disregard for truth.
The Court was of the view that Saket Gokhale had put forth the tweets without reasonable verification of the facts, and was, therefore, satisfied that the offending tweets published by him had been proved to be false and actuated by malice.
The Court further observed that Saket Gokhale had a very large following on Twitter and therefore whatever he said on it had immense reach and great impact, which imposed upon him additional responsibility. In the present case, it was extremely irresponsible of him to have put-out derogatory content by way of the offending tweets, without due verification, about the financial affairs of Lakshmi Puri, which were untrue. The Court further remarked, &#8220;Regrettably, messages on social-media generate a social-media chain reaction as it were, which is no less dangerous in today&#8217;s milieu than a nuclear reaction gone out of control.&#8221;
The Court, therefore, held that the offending tweets by Saket Gokhale were defamatory, and that Lakshmi Puri had suffered undeserved legal injury to her reputation, which warranted redressal.
The Court noted that in the present case, the false contents of the offending tweets would have resulted inevitably in loss of social standing, accompanied by psychological distress, aggravated by the pain of false accusation, and directed Saket Gokhale to publish an apology on his own Twitter handle, which would be retained on his handle for a period of 6 months, and also to be prominently published in the Times of India newspaper,Delhi Edition, within four weeks, stating the following :
&#8220;I unconditionally apologise for having put-out a series of tweets against Amb. Lakshmi Murdeshwar Puri on 13th &amp; 23rd June 2021, which tweets contained wrong and unverified allegations in relation to the purchase of property by Amb. Puri abroad, which I sincerely regret.&#8221;
The Court further restrained Saket Gokhale from publishing any other tweet or any content on any social-media or other electronic platform in relation to the insinuation made in the offending tweets.
Lakshmi Mittal sought damages of Rs. 5 crores to be deposited in the PM Cares Fund, which Court found to be an unusual and untenable way of claiming damages. However, upon a balance of all considerations, Saket Gokhale was directed to pay a sum of Rs. 50 lakhs to Lakshmi Puri within 8 weeks.
The suit was disposed of without any costs.
[Lakshmi Murdeshwar Puri v. Saket Gokhale, CS(OS) 300 of 2021, decided on 01-07-2024]
<hr/>
Advocates who appeared in this case :
Advocates for Plaintiff: Maninder Singh, Sr. Adv., Meghna Mishra, Tarun Sharma, Palak Sharma, Shreyansh Rathi, Advocates.
Advocates for Defendant: Aadhar Nautiyal, Deepak Gogia, Advocates for Defendant 2.
</div>
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Pranav Sharma is rejoining Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas as an Equity Partner in its Finance Practice. He will be based in Mumbai.
Pranav has over 23 years of specialist experience in banking and finance and debt capital markets and is widely regarded as one of the leading lawyers in these areas. He is qualified to practice both Indian and English law and has worked on a very wide range of banking and finance transactions across various jurisdictions. He has advised banks and financial institutions, multilateral agencies, governmental agencies and state-owned enterprises and leading corporates and private equity sponsors across a vast spectrum of financings &#8211; both in India and abroad. He is recognised globally by Chambers &amp; Partners, Legal 500, IFLR100 and Who&#8217;s Who Legal as a leading banking and finance practitioner.</h1>
Mr. Cyril Shroff, Managing Partner, Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas said, &#8220;I am delighted that Pranav is joining us back. He is an excellent and highly effective lawyer and very well respected in the profession. With his return, we continue to strengthen our capabilities to serve our clients both national and international. We welcome him back to his real long term professional home.&#8221;
Pranav had joined erstwhile Amarchand &amp; Mangaldas &amp; Suresh A. Shroff &amp; Co. in 2013 and was with the firm until 2021. He has also worked with Linklaters LLP in their banking group in London.</h1>
On his joining, Pranav Sharma, said, &#8220;I am delighted to be rejoining CAM. It feels great to be welcomed back &#8211; and I look forward to working alongside the very talented lawyers there, many of whom are old friends. Given the larger economic factors we see in play in India today, current regulatory trends and the enviable breadth and depth of the firm&#8217;s market leading finance practice especially, I am excited about working with the excellent team there to support our clients mobilise debt capital from both the loan and bond markets and to deal with the entire gamut of their financing related requirements.&#8221;
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Khaitan &amp; Co, a leading full-service law firm has announced boosting its employment practice with the addition of two key Partners. Avik Biswas will join the firm as a Partner in the Bengaluru office whereas Vaibhav Bhardwaj will join the firm as a Partner in the Delhi office.
Amar Sinhji, Executive Director, Human Resources, Khaitan &amp; Co said, &#8220;We are delighted to welcome Avik and Vaibhav to the firm. Their expertise, experience and client base will significantly enhance our Employment, Labour &amp; Benefits practice, bolstering our national and international presence. We wish them all the very best.&#8221;
Avik is highly ranked by Legal 500, Chambers &amp; Partners, Who&#8217;s Who Legal, IBLJ and Asia Law for his expertise in employment law, governance, internal investigations, and anti-bribery and anti-corruption issues. He is known for his collaboration with the legal, compliance, finance, and HR functions of multinational corporations. Currently, he serves as the Regional Representative (Asia) of the Anti-Corruption Committee of the International Bar Association (IBA).
Vaibhav brings over 15 years of experience in employment law, ethics, and investigations. He has advised clients on policy structuring, C-suite level exits, workforce restructuring, employee secondments, closure of undertaking and employment issues in mergers and acquisitions. He has extensive experience in advising clients on complex matters involving internal disciplinary investigations and inquiries. He has been ranked by Legal 500, Chambers &amp; Partners, and Asia Law in employment law.
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The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/dissenting-opinion-donald-trump-immunity-criminal-prosecution-scotus-legal-news/">Explained | SCOTUS Dissent on Absolute Immunity for former US President Donald Trump from criminal prosecution</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog">SCC Times</a>.
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Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS): In a monumental decision where for the first time in American history, the SCOTUS had to consider a former US President&#8217;s (Donald Trump) immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts during his Presidency; the Full Bench of the Court with a ratio of 6: 3 held that, under US constitutional structure of separated powers, the nature of Presidential power entitles a former President to <a href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/02/donald-trump-immunity-criminal-prosecution-constitutional-authority-scotus-legal-news/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Absolute Immunity from criminal prosecution</a> for actions within his conclusive and preclusive constitutional authority. And he is entitled to at least presumptive immunity from prosecution for all his official acts. There is no immunity for unofficial acts.
&#8220;Enduring separation of powers principles guide our decision in this case. The President enjoys no immunity for his unofficial acts, and not everything the President does is official. The President is not above the law. But under our system of separated powers, the President may not be prosecuted for exercising his core constitutional powers, and he is entitled to at least presumptive immunity from prosecution for his official acts. That immunity applies equally to all occupants of the Oval Office&#8221;.
Background and Legal Trajectory: Former US President Donald Trump had been indicted by a federal grand jury on four counts for conduct that occurred during his Presidency following November 2020 Presidential Elections.
The indictment alleged that after losing that election, Donald Trump conspired to overturn it by spreading knowingly false claims of election fraud to obstruct the collecting, counting, and certifying of the election results. Trump moved to dismiss the indictment based on Presidential immunity, arguing that a President has absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for actions performed within the outer perimeter of his official responsibilities, and that the indictment&#8217;s allegations fell within the core of his official duties.
The District Court denied Trump&#8217;s motion to dismiss, holding that former Presidents do not possess federal criminal immunity for any acts. The D. C. Circuit affirmed. Both the District Court and the D. C. Circuit declined to decide whether the indicted conduct involved official acts.
Dissenting Opinion: In the Full Bench of 9 Judges, 6 Judges concurred that former US Presidents have absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for actions within his conclusive and preclusive constitutional authority whereas 3 Judges namely, Justice Sonia Sotomayor*, Justice Elena Kagan and Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson** expressed a strong dissent.
Sotomayor, J., observed that majority&#8217;s decision to grant former Presidents immunity from criminal prosecution reshapes the institution of the Presidency. It makes a mockery of the principle, foundational to our Constitution and system of Government, that no man is above the law. &#8220;Relying on little more than its own misguided wisdom about the need for &#8220;bold and unhesitating action&#8221; by the President, the Court gives former President Trump all the immunity he asked for and more. Because our Constitution does not shield a former President from answering for criminal and treasonous acts, I dissent&#8221;.
She noted that the majority invented immunity through brute force and the main takeaway of the decision is that all of President&#8217;s official acts, defined without regard to motive or intent, are entitled to immunity. &#8220;Whenever the President wields the enormous power of his office, the majority says, the criminal law (at least presumptively) cannot touch him&#8221;.
Justice Sotomayor opined that the US Constitution&#8217;s text contains no provision for immunity from criminal prosecution for former Presidents. She pointed out that the framers of the Constitution clearly knew how to provide immunity from prosecution. They did provide a narrow immunity for legislators in the Speech or Debate Clause; however, they did not extend the same or similar immunity to Presidents.
Sotomayor, J., pointed out that the Impeachment Judgment Clause presumes the availability of criminal process as a backstop by establishing that an official impeached and convicted by the Senate &#8220;shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law&#8221;. That Clause clearly contemplates that a former President may be subject to criminal prosecution for the same conduct that resulted (or could have resulted) in an impeachment judgment.
Sotomayor, J., further stated that nothing in American history, supports the majority&#8217;s entirely novel immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts. She invoked Alexander Hamilton who had stated that in contrast to the King (of Britain), the President should be subject to &#8220;personal responsibility&#8221; for his actions, &#8220;standing upon no better ground than a governor of New York, and upon worse ground than the governors of Maryland and Delaware,&#8221; whose State Constitutions gave them some immunity. Referring to other commentators during the framing of the Constitution, Sotomayor, J., pointed out that from the very beginning, the presumption has always been that no man is free to flout the criminal law. &#8220;The majority fails to recognize or grapple with the lack of historical evidence for its new immunity. With nothing on its side of the ledger, the most the majority can do is claim that the historical evidence is a wash&#8221;.
&#8220;The majority today endorses an expansive vision of Presidential immunity that was never recognized by the Founders, any sitting President, the Executive Branch, or even President Trump&#8217;s lawyers, until now. Settled understandings of the Constitution are of little use to the majority in this case, and so it ignores them&#8221;.
Remarking that the majority has replaced a presumption of equality before the law with a presumption that the President is above the law for all his official acts, Sotomayor, J., stated that the majority&#8217;s dividing line between &#8220;official&#8221; and &#8220;unofficial&#8221; conduct narrows the conduct considered &#8220;unofficial&#8221; almost to a nullity.
Sotomayor, J., pointed out that the majority relies almost entirely on its view of the danger of intrusion on the Executive Branch, to the exclusion of the other side of the balancing test. Its analysis rests on a questionable conception of the President as incapable of navigating the difficult decisions his job requires while staying within the bounds of the law. It also ignores the fact that he receives robust legal advice on the lawfulness of his actions. The majority&#8217;s bare assertion that the burden of exposure to federal criminal prosecution is more limiting to a President than the burden of exposure to civil suits does not make it true, and it is not persuasive.
She cautioned that the decision to grant former Presidents immunity for their official acts is deeply wrong. As troubling as this criminal immunity doctrine is in theory, the majority&#8217;s application of the doctrine to the indictment in this case is perhaps even more troubling. In the hands of the majority, this new official-acts immunity operates as a one-way ratchet. The majority&#8217;s single-minded fixation on the President&#8217;s need for boldness and dispatch ignores the countervailing need for accountability and restraint. &#8220;Never in the history of our Republic has a President had reason to believe that he would be immune from criminal prosecution if he used the trappings of his office to violate the criminal law. Moving forward, however, all former Presidents will be cloaked in such immunity. If the occupant of that office misuses official power for personal gain, the criminal law that the rest of us must abide will not provide a backstop&#8221;.
Ketanji Brown Jackson, J., stated that it is indisputable that immunity from liability for wrongdoing is the exception rather than the rule in the American criminal justice system. That is entirely unsurprising, for the very idea of immunity stands in tension with foundational principles of our system of Government. It is a core tenet of American democracy that the People are the sovereign, and the Rule of Law is the first and final security.
Jackson, J., noted that American Government has long functioned under an accountability paradigm in which no one is above the law; an accused person is innocent until proven guilty; and criminal defendants may raise defenses, both legal and factual, tailored to their particular circumstances, whether they be Government officials or ordinary citizens. For over two centuries, American Nation has survived with these principles intact. &#8220;(&#8230;) it becomes much easier to see that the majority&#8217;s ruling in this case breaks new and dangerous ground. Departing from the traditional model of individual accountability, the majority has concocted something entirely different: a Presidential accountability model that creates immunity&#8212;an exemption from criminal law&#8212;applicable only to the most powerful official in our Government&#8221;.
She pointed out that majority&#8217;s multilayered, multifaceted threshold parsing of the character of a President&#8217;s criminal conduct differs from the individual accountability model in several crucial respects. For one thing, it makes it next to impossible to know ex ante when and under what circumstances a President will be subject to accountability for his criminal acts. The majority&#8217;s new Presidential accountability model is also distinct insofar as it accepts as a basic starting premise that generally applicable criminal laws do not apply to everyone in our society. In the majority&#8217;s view, while all other citizens of the United States must do their jobs and live their lives within the confines of criminal prohibitions, the President cannot be made to do so; he must sometimes be exempt from the law&#8217;s dictates depending on the character of his conduct.
&#8220;Ultimately, the majority&#8217;s model simply sets the criminal law to one side when it comes to crimes allegedly committed by the President. Before accountability can be sought or rendered, the Judiciary serves as a newfound special gatekeeper, charged not merely with interpreting the law but with policing whether it applies to the President at all&#8221;.
She also pointed out that under the majority&#8217;s new Presidential accountability paradigm, what a prosecutor or jury does may not even matter. Whether a former President will be entirely exempted from the dictates of the law (such that the roles of other participants in the criminal justice process become irrelevant) requires a judicial assessment, in the first instance of his criminal conduct and the circumstances under which he acted. &#8220;Unlike a defendant who invokes an affirmative defense and relies on a legal determination that there was a good reason for his otherwise unlawful conduct, a former President invoking immunity relies on the premise that he can do whatever he wants, however he wants, so long as he uses his &#8220;&#8216;official power&#8217;&#8221; in doing so&#8221;.
Jackson, J., cautioned that &#8220;What is left in its wake is a greatly weakened Congress, which must stand idly by as the President disregards its criminal prohibitions and uses the powers of his office to push the envelope, while choosing to follow (or not) existing laws, as he sees fit. We also now have a greatly empowered Court, which can opt to allow Congress&#8217;s policy judgments criminalizing conduct to stand (or not) with respect to a former President, as a matter of its own prerogative.
Jackson, J., pointed out that to the extent that the majority&#8217;s new accountability paradigm allows Presidents to evade punishment for their criminal acts while in office, the seeds of absolute power for Presidents have been planted. &#8220;And, without a doubt, absolute power corrupts absolutely&#8221;.
[Donald J. Trump v. United States, No. 23&#8212;939, decided on 01-07-2024]
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*Justice Sonia Sotomayor delivered the dissenting opinion, which was joined by Kagan and Jackson, JJ.
**Justice Ketanji B. Jackson also filed a dissenting opinion
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Orissa High Court: In an application under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519791" target="_blank" rel="noopener">482</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</a>, seeking quashment of the order taking cognizance of offence punishable under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561613" target="_blank" rel="noopener">306</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Penal Code, 1860</a> (IPC), the Sibo Sankar Mishra, allowed the petition and quashed the Trial Court&#8217;s cognizance order and all the consequential proceedings arising thereto.
Factual Matrix
The petitioner was in an arrange marriage set up with the deceased. The petitioner insisted upon postponing the marriage ceremony by two years. The deceased upon knowing that the petitioner was not happy with their engagement, brought this fact to the notice of her parents and family members. However, parents and family members from both the side insisted upon the petitioner as well as on the deceased that they should talk to each other and expected that over the period of time things will fall in place. It was alleged by the mother of the deceased that the petitioner was not showing any interest in the marriage preparations. Later, the petitioner&#8217;s father called the deceased and informed that their marriage might not materialised as the petitioner was not willing to get married and further expressed his sorrow for that. Subsequently, a long telephonic conversation between the petitioner and the deceased took place which made her very volatile and mentally unstable and after sometime, the deceased was found to have committed suicide at 8 A.M. by hanging herself with ceiling fan. A First Information Report was registered under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561613" target="_blank" rel="noopener">306</a> of <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a>. The Trial Court took cognizance of offence punishable under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561613" target="_blank" rel="noopener">306</a> of <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a>. The petitioner challenged the aforesaid order of cognizance by invoking jurisdiction of the Court under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519791" target="_blank" rel="noopener">482</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CrPC</a>.
Analysis and Decision
The Court noted that the petitioner was reluctant to enter into marital relationship with the deceased from the very beginning and was postponing the marriage and that the initial reluctancy showed by the petitioner led to engagement of the deceased with some other boy from Nagpur, however, unfortunately, the said engagement could not be converted into marital relationship and the engagement was broken by the deceased&#8217;s family. The Court said that the breaking of earlier marriage proposal with another boy was also a contributing factor to push the deceased to take her own life. The Court added that the deceased fell victim to petitioner&#8217;s reluctance to not get married and the desperation of parents of both the sides to get her married to the petitioner.
The Court on perusal of the statement of the complainant mother and the sister of the deceased recorded under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001519397" target="_blank" rel="noopener">161</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726935" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CrPC</a> said that nowhere it was mentioned that deceased told about the heated arguments that took place between the petitioner and the deceased on the phone call between 3.30 A.M. and 4.00 A.M. rather she stated that the deceased fell to sleep at about 4 A.M. with heavy heart. The Court said that the said statement was contrary to two complaints lodged by the complainant i.e. one which led to registering of unnatural death case and the other which became the foundation for lodging of FIR. Therefore, in the absence of exact conversations that had taken place between the deceased and the petitioner on that fateful night, the Court said that the crucial element of offence punishable under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561613" target="_blank" rel="noopener">306</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a> i.e. mens rea to commit offence of abatement of suicide on the part of the accused, which requires commission of direct or active act by the accused which led deceased to commit suicide seeing no other option and such act must be intended to push the victim to a point of no return and she commits suicide, were clearly missing in the present case.
Further, the Court said that, such repeated breaking of engagement of a girl belonging to Marwari community, which is a very small community in Odisha, would definitely cause severe mental stress. Therefore, the Court said that, as it was admitted by the prosecution that breaking of the engagement with the boy from Nagpur also contributed to the mental stress and agony of the deceased, the petitioner cannot be blamed for the same. Thus, the Court stated that the act of entering into the engagement with the deceased by the petitioner with reluctancy to marry her alone cannot be made a penal offence, much less under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561613" target="_blank" rel="noopener">306</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a>. The Court observed that reluctance to give irrevocable commitment for life-time and to take responsibility cannot culminate into mens rea to commit a criminal offence.
[Dr. Priyank Tapuria v. State of Odisha, CRLMC No.385 of 2023, Decided on: 20-06-2024]
<hr/>
Advocates who appeared in this case :
For the petitioner: Senior Advocate Samir Kumar Mishra
For the respondent: Addl. Standing Counsel P.K. Maharaj and Advocate Himanshu Sekhar Mishra
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Madras High Court: In a suo motu cognizance of the manufacture and sale of illicit arrack by the people in Kalvarayan hills, to protect the socio-economic status of the downtrodden Scheduled Caste (&#8216;SC&#8217;) and Scheduled Tribes (&#8216;ST&#8217;) people residing in various hamlets in Kalvarayan hills, the division bench of S.M. Subramaniam and C. Kumarappan, JJ. has initiated suo-motu writ petition against the Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu; Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Tribal Affairs; Principal Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu, Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Department; Director General of Police; District Collector; Superintendent of Police. Further, the Court directed the Registry to place the present suo motu writ petition before the Acting Chief Justice for passing appropriate orders.
The Court noted that in the wake of Kallakurichi hooch tragedy, there have been reports of illicit liquor manufactured in the nearby place of Kalvarayan hills. The area in and around Kalvarayan hills has many small villages and inhabited by people especially from the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe community. The region is reported to be underdeveloped, lacking basic facilities and due to the economic backwardness and unemployment in the region, the people living in these areas are being forced to resort to manufacturing illicit liquor for their livelihood.
The Court noted that despite of the illicit liquor prohibition in Tamil Nadu, the Kallakurichi tragedy has taken place, which has led to loss of lives and the people most affected are from the vulnerable sections of the society thereby warranting immediate action.
The Court said that the area in the Kallakurichi and Salem Districts needs immediate social and economic attention. Further, after noting the history of the region, the Court said that the present condition deserves the immediate attention and measures to ensure that people of that regions are able to access the basic facilities and welfare schemes, and the Government should take all steps to bolster the economic situation in the region to prevent further such crimes.
The Court reiterated that Article <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001574949" target="_blank" rel="noopener">21</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726967" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constitution</a> includes a wide array of rights including right to economic empowerment of the poor, disadvantaged and oppressed, right to Health, right to livelihood, right to live with human dignity, right to social and economic Justice etc.
The Court said that the economic underdevelopment faced by the people in Kalvarayan hills must not give space for miscreants to exploit their sufferings by pushing them into illicit liquor business. This is an issue that needs to be dealt with at the earliest and all comprehensive measures for the economic and social upliftment of the people in this region is a Constitutional priority. It is important to ensure that the Constitutional mandates, directives, principles and views are not only honoured, but implemented in its letter and spirit.
Thus, the Court directed the Registry to place the present suo motu writ petition before the Acting Chief Justice for passing appropriate orders.
[In re, Kallakurichi hooch tragedy, Suo Motu W.P. No. of 2024, decided on 01.07.2024]
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The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/bhc-grants-bail-to-man-accused-of-child-trafficking/">&#8216;A person belonging to LGBTQ+ community is vulnerable to ridicule, harassment in jail&#8217;; Bombay HC grants bail to man accused of child trafficking</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog">SCC Times</a>.
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Bombay High Court: In a bail application filed by a member of the LGBTQ+ community charged for the offence under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561694" target="_blank" rel="noopener">370</a> read with Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561652" target="_blank" rel="noopener">34</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Penal Code, 1860</a> (&#8216;IPC&#8217;) and Sections <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001520234" target="_blank" rel="noopener">80</a> and <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001520235" target="_blank" rel="noopener">81</a> of the <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002806282" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</a>, Manish Pitale J., opined that because of the identity of applicant, he was vulnerable to ridicule and harassment in jail. Basing their reasoning on this opinion, the Court accepted the bail application.
A police sub-inspector (informant) filed an FIR stating that due to the poor financial condition of accused 1 and 2, they agreed to send their minor child for shooting roles so that they could earn some money. Accused 5 stated that accused 6 (applicant) wanted to adopt a child and they agreed to buy the minor child from the parents at a consideration of Rs 4,65,000. It was submitted that applicant did not take the child for shotting and since this statement indicated involvement of applicant, he was arrested and has been in judicial custody since then.
The applicant contended that the ingredients of offence under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561694" target="_blank" rel="noopener">370</a> of <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a>, which pertained to trafficking of person were not made out and that they belonged to the LGBTQ+ community because of which they are vulnerable in society and in jail. Medical documents were produced to prove that applicant was HIV positive. It was submitted that applicant and his partner, as per the present legal position in India, were unable to legally adopting children and since they wanted to take care of the child, they had taken possession of the minor child. However, they vehemently denied any exchange of money between them and the parents. The applicant prayed that their applicant be favourably considered.
The State contended that the investigation was still ongoing, and the medical report of the minor child was still awaited. Further, the allegations were serious and due to the other accused giving details about applicant being paid amount for taking possession of the minor child, the ingredients for the offence under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561694" target="_blank" rel="noopener">370</a> of <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a> were clearly made out.
The Court observed that due to the allegations about specific amount being exchanged for the child&#8217;s &#8220;sale&#8221;, the ingredients of offence under Section <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0001561694" target="_blank" rel="noopener">370</a> of <a href="https://www.scconline.com/DocumentLink.aspx?q=JTXT-0002726960" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPC</a> were prima facie made out. However, the Court opined that a person belonging to the LGBTQ+ community, who was also HIV positive, could be said to be a person belonging to a category of persons, who were certainly vulnerable, particularly within four corners of a jail.
The Court noted that applicant had remained behind bar since 26-05-2024, which was more than a month and he was in judicial custody. The Court also noted that there were no criminal antecedents of applicant and hence, it accepted the bail application.
[X v. State of Maharashtra, Bail Application No. 2436 of 2024, decided on 27-06-2024]
<hr/>
Advocates who appeared in this case :
For the Applicant: Sesley Menezes, Steven Anthony, Waqar Pathan, Advocates
For the Respondent: Kiran C. Shinde, APP
<h3 style="color: #000080;">Buy Penal Code, 1860 &nbsp; <a href="https://www.ebcwebstore.com/product_info.php?products_id=1158" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HERE</a></h3>
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The post <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/03/bhc-grants-bail-to-man-accused-of-child-trafficking/">&#8216;A person belonging to LGBTQ+ community is vulnerable to ridicule, harassment in jail&#8217;; Bombay HC grants bail to man accused of child trafficking</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.scconline.com/blog">SCC Times</a>.
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